Table 1.
Patient demographics, initial prehospital clinical parameters and airway management.
| Parameter | Hospital admission (n = 185) |
No hospital admission (n = 71) |
Overall population (n = 256) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BLS transport (n = 82) | ALS transport (n = 103) |
Alive at the scene (n = 32) | Deceased at the scene (n = 39) | |||
| NIV (n = 84) | PMV (n = 19) | |||||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 61 ± 20 | 64 ± 18 | 60 ± 11 | 49 ± 17 | 71 ± 13 | 60 ± 18 |
| Male sex | 38 (46) | 10 (12) | 5 (26) | 17 (53) | 12 (31) | 82 (32) |
| Hypertension | 27 (33) | 11 (13) | 9 (47) | 11 (34) | 19 (49) | 77 (30) |
| Coronary artery disease | 6 (7) | 7 (8) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 3 (8) | 17 (7) |
| Obesity | 11 (13) | 9 (10) | 4 (21) | 2 (6) | 5 (13) | 31 (12) |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 21 (26) | 7 (8) | 8 (42) | 2 (6) | 11 (28) | 49 (19) |
| Immunosuppression | 3 (4) | 0 (0) | 2 (11)a | 4 (13) | 5 (13) | 14 (5) |
| Asthma | 7 (9) | 5 (6) | 2 (11) | 2 (6) | 1 (3) | 17 (7) |
| Active smoking | 7 (9) | 5 (6) | 0 (0) | 3 (9) | 3 (8) | 18 (7) |
| Chronic Renal Failure | 0 (0) | 3 (3) | 2 (11) | 4 (13) | 1 (3) | 10 (4) |
| Stroke | 6 (7) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 10 (31) | 1 (3) | 18 (7) |
| Clinical | ||||||
| Body core temperature (°C) | 37.5 [36.4–38.2] | 37.3 [36.3–38.3] | 37.0 [35.9–38.7] | 36.4 [36.0–36.9] | 35.4 [32.8–36.1] | 37.2 [36.2–38.2] |
| Glasgow coma scale | 15 [15–15] | 15 [14–15] | 14 [3–15]a | 15 [15–15] | 3 [3–3] | 15 [15–15] |
| SBP (mmHg) | 141 [128–157] | 139 [123–150] | 134 [121–150] | 130 [117–141] | NA | 138 [122–153] |
| Prehospital catecholamine | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (32)a | 0 (0) | 16 (41) | 22 (9) |
| Respiratory | ||||||
| HR (beats ∙ min−1) | 93 [86–110] | 90 [78–110] | 110 [87–116]a | 85 [73–110] | NA | 91 [80–110] |
| RR (movements ∙ min−1) before oxygen | 25 [18–32] | 30 [23–38] | 34 [25–40]a | 20 [10–25] | NA | 26 [19–28] |
| Air ambient pulse oximetry (%) | 92 [85–99] | 85 [67–93] | 45 [43–56]a | 98 [96–100] | NA | 89 [76–98] |
| Pulse oximetry with oxygen (%) | 98 [96–100] | 95 [92–98] | 90 [85–92] | NA | NA | 97 [92–99] |
| RR (movements ∙ min−1) with oxygen | 25 [19–30] | 28 [22–35] | 15 [13−20] | NA | NA | 26 [20−32] |
| Oxygen supplementation (L min−1) | 9 [6–15] | NA | 15 [12–15] | NA | NA | 15 [9–15] |
| FiO2 (%) | NA | NA | 100 [80–100] | NA | NA | 100 [100−100] |
| PEEP (cmH20) | NA | 11 [5–15] | 9 [8–15] | NA | NA | 12 [5–15] |
| EtC02 (mmHg) | NA | 35 [33–42] | NA | NA | NA | 37 [32–39] |
Results are the mean ± SD, the median [interquartile range], or the number (%), as indicated.
ALS: advanced life support, BLS: basic life support, PMV: prehospital mechanical ventilation, NIV: non-invasive ventilation, SBP: systolic blood pressure, HR: heart rate, RR: respiratory rate, FiO2: fraction of inspired oxygen, PEEP: Positive end-expiratory pressure, EtCO2: end tidal CO2.
a
Means a significant association with PMV after bivariate analysis.