Table 4. Factors Associated With Controlled Blood Pressure Among Adults in 2015-2018.
| Characteristic | All adults with hypertension (n = 4062)a | Adults taking antihypertensive medication (n = 2952)a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence, % (95% CI)b | Prevalence ratio (95% CI) | Prevalence, % (95% CI)b | Prevalence ratio (95% CI) | |||
| Model 1c | Model 2d | Model 1c | Model 2d | |||
| Age group, y | ||||||
| 18-44 | 36.7 (31.1-43.3) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 71.9 (64.6-79.3) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 45-64 | 49.7 (46.3-53.2) | 1.32 (1.14-1.51) | 1.18 (1.02-1.37) | 71.5 (67.6-75.4) | 0.98 (0.88-1.09) | 0.96 (0.87-1.07) |
| 65-74 | 51.7 (46.6-56.8) | 1.34 (1.15-1.57) | 1.11 (0.92-1.32) | 64.3 (58.8-69.9) | 0.87 (0.76-0.99) | 0.84 (0.74-0.95) |
| ≥75 | 37.3 (32.7-41.9) | 0.96 (0.80-1.15) | 0.81 (0.65-0.97) | 47.3 (41.7-52.9) | 0.64 (0.56-0.73) | 0.63 (0.55-0.73) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 48.5 (45.1-52.0) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 65.6 (62.8-68.4) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Male | 45.0 (41.4-48.6) | 0.93 (0.85-1.03) | 0.97 (0.88-1.06) | 66.7 (63.0-70.5) | 1.02 (0.97-1.09) | 1.01 (0.95-1.07) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 48.2 (44.2-52.1) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 69.3 (65.9-72.7) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 41.5 (38.3-44.7) | 0.85 (0.77-0.94) | 0.88 (0.81-0.96) | 55.6 (51.7-59.6) | 0.80 (0.75-0.86) | 0.82 (0.77-0.88) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 41.1 (36.6-45.6) | 0.86 (0.75-0.99) | 0.89 (0.78-1.02) | 60.0 (54.2-65.8) | 0.88 (0.78-0.99) | 0.87 (0.77-0.98) |
| Hispanic | 40.5 (35.8-45.1) | 0.83 (0.72-0.96) | 0.95 (0.82-1.09) | 61.6 (55.6-67.7) | 0.89 (0.80-0.98) | 0.93 (0.84-1.03) |
| Education | ||||||
| <High school | 40.5 (35.1-45.8) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 60.7 (54.7-66.7) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| High school graduate and some college | 46.2 (42.5-50.0) | 1.08 (0.92-1.26) | 1.01 (0.85-1.19) | 64.4 (60.6-68.1) | 1.03 (0.91-1.17) | 1.00 (0.88-1.14) |
| College graduate | 48.0 (43.4-52.6) | 1.13 (0.97-1.31) | 0.99 (0.84-1.18) | 72.3 (67.6-77.0) | 1.17 (1.06-1.29) | 1.10 (0.97-1.24) |
| Household income, $ | ||||||
| <20 000 | 39.4 (34.2-44.5) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 57.3 (50.8-63.8) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 20 000-44 999 | 45.1 (40.4-49.8) | 1.11 (0.93-1.33) | 1.11 (0.93-1.32) | 63.7 (58.5-68.9) | 1.08 (0.94-1.25) | 1.07 (0.92-1.23) |
| 45 000-74 999 | 49.2 (42.3-56.2) | 1.22 (1.02-1.46) | 1.17 (0.97-1.40) | 66.4 (60.2-72.6) | 1.12 (0.97-1.29) | 1.07 (0.91-1.27) |
| ≥75 000 | 50.2 (45.1-55.3) | 1.18 (1.02-1.37) | 1.13 (0.94-1.36) | 72.2 (67.3-77.0) | 1.20 (1.07-1.33) | 1.13 (0.98-1.29) |
| Type of health insurance | ||||||
| Private | 48.2 (44.8-51.7) | 1.83 (1.44-2.32) | 1.40 (1.08-1.80) | 69.1 (65.6-72.5) | 1.40 (1.09-1.80) | 1.32 (1.01-1.74) |
| Medicare | 53.4 (45.4-61.4) | 1.89 (1.49-2.39) | 1.47 (1.15-1.89) | 65.4 (58.2-72.7) | 1.33 (1.03-1.71) | 1.28 (1.00-1.67) |
| None | 24.2 (18.2-30.2) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 44.4 (33.3-55.5) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Medicaid | 41.1 (31.9-50.2) | 1.70 (1.24-2.34) | 1.34 (0.97-1.86) | 61.7 (51.5-71.9) | 1.35 (1.03-1.77) | 1.35 (1.03-1.78) |
| Other government | 43.2 (34.1-52.3) | 1.79 (1.39-2.22) | 1.36 (1.04-1.76) | 57.3 (46.2-68.3) | 1.27 (1.01-1.60) | 1.23 (0.96-1.57) |
| Had usual health care facility | ||||||
| No | 26.5 (18.4-34.7) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 64.6 (51.2-78.1) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 48.4 (45.6-51.2) | 2.25 (1.69-3.00) | 1.48 (1.13-1.94) | 65.9 (63.4-68.5) | 1.04 (0.85-1.27) | 0.97 (0.82-1.15) |
| Had health care visit in past year | ||||||
| No | 8.0 (2.9-13.0) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 48.4 (33.5-63.4) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 49.1 (46.4-51.9) | 6.48 (3.63-11.6) | 5.23 (2.88-9.49) | 66.1 (63.3-68.8) | 1.28 (0.91-1.80) | 1.20 (0.84-1.73) |
a
Multiple imputation was performed. The percentage of participants with missing data was 1.8% for education, 9.6% for household income, 1.2% for type of health insurance, 1.2% for having a usual health care facility, and less than 0.1% for having a health care visit in the past year.
b
Age adjustment was performed for the characteristics (excluding the characteristic of age group) using direct standardization with the standard being adults with hypertension across the entire period from 1999-2018; the age categories used for standardization were 18 to 44 years (15.5%), 45 to 64 years (45.4%), 65 to 74 years (21.5%) and 75 years or older (17.7%).
c
Includes adjustment for age groups, sex, and race/ethnicity.
d
Includes simultaneous adjustment for all characteristics listed.