Table 2. Efficacy Results for Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Exercise Testing Variables, Cardiorespiratory Risk Factors, and Quality of Life.
| Outcome measure | No. | Supervised training (stage 1) | P value, time × group | Home-based training (stages 2 and 3), mean within-group difference (95% CI) | P value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline, mean (SD) | Change in 4 wk, mean within-group difference (95% CI) | Change in 3 mo | Change in 6 mo | Change in 12 mo | Time | Time × group | ||||||||
| HIIT | MICT | HIIT | MICT | HIIT | MICT | HIIT | MICT | HIIT | MICT | |||||
| Cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise testing | ||||||||||||||
| Peak oxygen uptake, mL/kg/min, total body weight | 93 | 27.7 (6.1) | 27.4 (7.4) | 2.9 (1.9 to 3.9)a | 1.2 (0.2 to 2.2)a | .02 | 2.6 (0.8 to 4.4)a | 2.2 (0.5 to 4.0)a | 3.1 (1.3 to 4.9)a | 1.7 (0 to 3.5) | 2.9 (1.0 to 4.8)a | 1.8 (0 to 3.6)a | <.001 | .30 |
| Peak oxygen uptake, mL/kg/min, lean body mass | 93 | 41.3 (7.1) | 42.0 (9.4) | 4.1 (2.7 to 5.5)a | 1.0 (−0.4 to 2.5) | .004 | 3.1 (0.5 to 5.7)a | 2.0 (−0.6 to 4.5) | 3.7 (1.0 to 6.3)a | 1.2 (−1.3 to 3.8) | 4.1 (1.4 to 6.9)a | 1.8 (−0.9 to 4.4) | <.001 | .14 |
| Peak oxygen uptake, L/min | 93 | 2.33 (0.61) | 2.39 (0.73) | 0.23 (0.15 to 0.32)a | 0.09 (0.01 to 0.18)a | .02 | 0.18 (0.03 to 0.33)a | 0.17 (0.02 to 0.32)a | 0.21 (0.06 to 0.37)a | 0.10 (−0.05 to 0.25) | 0.20 (0.04 to 0.36)a | 0.11 (0.04 to 0.26) | <.001 | .26 |
| Peak respiratory exchange ratio | 93 | 1.14 (0.09) | 1.14 (0.09) | −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.02) | .94 | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.05) | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.03) | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.05) | 0 (−0.05 to 0.04) | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.05) | .41 | .37 |
| Peak heart rate, beats/min | 93 | 151 (17) | 150 (20) | 1 (−2 to 5) | −2 (−5 to 2) | .26 | 4 (−2 to 10) | 3 (−3 to 9) | 3 (−3 to 9) | 3 (−3 to 9) | 4 (−2 to 10) | 7 (1 to 13)a | <.001 | .29 |
| Peak oxygen pulse, mL/beat | 93 | 15.5 (3.8) | 15.9 (4.0) | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.2)a | 0.8 (0.2 to 1.5)a | .14 | 0.8 (−0.3 to 1.9) | 0.7 (−0.4 to 1.8) | 1.0 (−0.1 to 2.2) | 0.2 (−0.9 to 1.3) | 0.9 (−0.3 to 2.1) | 0 (−1.1 to 1.4) | <.001 | .34 |
| Maximal oxygen uptake efficiency slope | 93 | 2.5 (0.7) | 2.4 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.4)a | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.3)a | .79 | 0.2 (0 to 0.4)a | 0.2 (0 to 0.4) | 0.2 (0 to 0.4)a | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.4) | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) | <.001 | .57 |
| Abdominal obesity | ||||||||||||||
| Body mass, kg | 93 | 84 (15) | 87 (16) | −0.4 (−0.8 to 0.1) | −0.5 (−0.9 to 0)a | .79 | −1.2 (−2.3 to −0.1)a | −1.2 (−2.3 to −0.2)a | −1.2 (−2.3 to −0.1)a | −2.0 (−3.1 to −0.9)a | −1.1 (−2.2 to 0.1) | −1.6 (−2.7 to −0.5)a | <.001 | .54 |
| Body mass indexb | 93 | 28.2 (4.2) | 28.6 (4.2) | −0.1 (−0.3 to 0.2) | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0) | .30 | −0.4 (−0.8 to 0) | −0.5 (−0.9 to −0.1)a | −0.4 (−0.8 to 0) | −0.8 (−1.2 to −0.4)a | −0.4 (−0.8 to 0.1) | −0.7 (−1.1 to −0.3)a | <.001 | .35 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 93 | 98.9 (12.3) | 99.7 (11.9) | −1.8 (−2.7 to −0.8)a | −1.5 (−2.4 to −0.5)a | .66 | −2.4 (−4.0 to −0.8)a | −2.2 (−3.7 to −0.7)a | −2.7 (−4.3 to −1.1)a | −3.5 (−4.1 to −2.0)a | −2.6 (−4.2 to −1.0)a | −3.5 (−5.1 to −2.0)a | <.001 | .34 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 93 | 0.94 (0.09) | 0.94 (0.08) | −0.01 (−0.02 to 0)a | −0.01 (−0.02 to 0)a | .92 | −0.02 (−0.03 to 0)a | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0)a | −0.02 (−0.03 to 0)a | −0.03 (−0.04 to 0)a | −0.02 (−0.03 to 0)a | −0.02 (−0.04 to 0)a | <.001 | .44 |
| Waist-to-height ratio | 93 | 0.57 (0.07) | 0.57 (0.06) | −0.01 (−0.02 to 0)a | −0.01 (−0.01 to 0)a | .82 | −0.01 (−0.02 to −0.01)a | −0.01 (−0.02 to 0)a | −0.02 (−0.03 to −0.01)a | −0.02 (−0.03 to −0.01)a | −0.02 (−0.02 to −0.01)a | −0.02 (−0.03 to −0.01)a | <.001 | .40 |
| Visceral adipose tissue measured by DEXA, cm2 | 93 | 190 (75) | 198 (74) | −9 (−14 to −4)a | −9 (−14 to −4)a | .99 | −13 (−24 to −3)a | −17 (−27 to −6)a | −14 (−25 to −3)a | −18 (−29 to −8)a | −7 (−18 to 4) | −16 (−26 to −5)a | <.001 | .52 |
| Lipid profile | ||||||||||||||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 93 | 147 (31) | 147 (31) | −4 (−12 to 4) | 0 (−8 to 8) | .36 | 0 (−12 to 8) | 0 (−8 to 12) | 4 (−15 to 8) | 0 (−8 to 12) | 0 (−12 to 12) | 12 (4 to 23)a | .01 | .28 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 93 | 77 (27) | 73 (23) | −4 (−12 to 4) | 0 (−8 to 8) | .28 | −4 (−12 to 8) | 0 (−8 to 8) | −4 (−12 to 4) | 0 (−8 to 12) | −4 (−12 to 4) | 4 (−4 to 15) | .70 | .30 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 93 | 50 (12) | 50 (15) | 0 (0 to 4) | 0 (0 to 4) | .88 | 4 (0 to 8)a | 4 (0 to 4) | 4 (0 to 4) | 4 (0 to 4) | 4 (0 to 4)a | 4 (4 to 8)a | <.001 | .47 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 93 | 124 (133) | 106 (53) | −18 (−35 to 9) | −9 (−27 to 9) | .60 | −18 (−35 to 9) | −9 (−27 to −9) | −9 (−35 to 9) | 0 (−18 to 18) | −9 (−35 to 18) | 9 (−9 to 27) | .06 | .57 |
| Glucose tolerance | ||||||||||||||
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 93 | 106 (29) | 110 (20) | −4 (−11 to 4) | −4 (−7 to 7) | .35 | −2 (−11 to 5) | 2 (−5 to 9) | −2 (−9 to 5) | 4 (−4 to 11) | −2 (−11 to 5) | 4 (−4 to 13) | .66 | .47 |
| Insulin resistance measured by HOMA | 93 | 2.7 (2.1) | 2.5 (1.8) | −0.2 (−0.7 to 0.3) | −0.2 (−0.7 to 0.3) | .96 | −0.1 (−0.9 to 0.6) | −0.1 (−0.7 to 0.6) | −0.3 (−1.0 to 0.4) | −0.1 (−0.8 to 0.7) | 0.1 (−0.6 to 0.9) | 0 (−0.7 to 0.7) | .61 | .90 |
| Blood pressure and heart rate | ||||||||||||||
| Peripheral systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 93 | 128 (15) | 130 (14) | 2 (−1 to 5) | −3 (−7 to 0) | .03 | 0 (−5 to 6) | −3 (−8 to 2) | 1 (−5 to 6) | −3 (−9 to 2) | 2 (−4 to 7) | 1 (−4 to 7) | .60 | .14 |
| Peripheral diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 93 | 75 (10) | 74 (9) | 1 (−1 to 3) | −2 (−3 to 0) | .04 | 0 (−3 to 3) | −1 (−4 to 2) | −1 (−4 to 2) | −2 (−4 to 1) | 0 (−3 to 3) | 1 (−2 to 4) | .10 | .08 |
| Resting heart rate, beats/min | 93 | 57 (10) | 57 (8) | −3 (−4 to −1)a | −1 (−3 to 1) | .19 | −3 (−6 to 0)a | −2 (−5 to 1) | −4 (−7 to −1)a | −1 (−4 to 2) | −3 (−6 to 0)a | −2 (−5 to 1) | .001 | .18 |
| Quality of life and exercise enjoyment | ||||||||||||||
| McNew Global score | 93 | 5.9 (0.8) | 6.0 (0.6) | 0.5 (0.4 to 0.7)a | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.5)a | .17 | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.7)a | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.6)a | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.7)a | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.6)a | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.7)a | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.6)a | <.001 | .46 |
| McNew Physical score | 92 | 5.8 (1.0) | 5.9 (0.8) | 0.7 (0.5 to 0.9)a | 0.5 (0.2 to 0.7)a | .17 | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.0)a | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.8)a | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.0)a | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.8)a | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.0)a | 0.6 (0.4 to 0.9)a | <.001 | .31 |
| McNew Emotional score | 93 | 6.0 (0.6) | 6.0 (0.6) | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.5)a | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.4)a | .17 | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.5)a | 0.2 (0 to 0.4) | 0.2 (0 to 0.5)a | 0.2 (0 to 0.4) | 0.3 (0 to 0.5)a | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) | <.001 | .55 |
| McNew Social score | 92 | 5.7 (1.0) | 6.0 (0.9) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.1)a | 0.6 (0.3 to 0.8)a | .12 | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.1)a | 0.6 (0.4 to 0.9)a | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.2)a | 0.6 (0.3 to 0.9)a | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.2)a | 0.7 (0.4 to 0.9)a | <.001 | .14 |
| Exercise enjoyment, % | 92 | 74 (17) | 78 (16) | 3 (−2 to 8) | 3 (−2 to 8) | .96 | 6 (−1 to 13) | −2 (−9 to 4) | 1 (−6 to 8) | −3 (−10 to 3) | −2 (−9 to 6) | −5 (−11 to 2) | .02 | .15 |
Abbreviations: DEXA, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HIIT, high-intensity interval training; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MICT, moderate-intensity continuous training.
SI conversion factors: To convert total cholesterol to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259; LDL cholesterol to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259; HDL cholesterol to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259; triglycerides to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0113; fasting glucose to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555.
a
Significant difference from baseline.
b
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.