Table 1. Baseline Demographic Characteristics and Laboratory Findings and Treatments Received Before Enrollmenta.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| rhG-CSF (n = 100) | Usual care (n = 100) | Total (N = 200) | |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 45 (40-55) | 46 (38-54) | 45 (40-55) |
| Male sex | 58 (58) | 54 (54) | 112 (56) |
| Body temperature, median (IQR), °F | 99.5 (98.4-100.0) | 99.0 (98.2-100.0) | 99.3 (98.2-100.0) |
| Fever on admission | 73 (73) | 67 (67) | 140 (70) |
| Respiratory rate (IQR), /min | 21 (19-24) | 23 (19-25) | 22 (19-25) |
| Pao2:FiO2 ratio (IQR), mm Hg | 272.5 (235.0-344.0) | 266.0 (236.5-328.0) | 271.0 (235.0-337.0) |
| White cell count, median (IQR), /μL | 4250 (3550-5650) | 5050 (3900-6850) | 4550 (3800-6250) |
| >10 000 | 3 (3) | 7 (7) | 10 (5) |
| ≤4000 | 40 (40) | 27 (27) | 67 (33.5) |
| Lymphocyte count (IQR), /μL | 430 (338-623) | 420 (340-593) | 430 (340-620) |
| <4000 | 46 (46) | 49 (49) | 95 (47.5) |
| Platelet count (IQR), ×103/μL | 197.5 (156.0-242.0) | 210.0 (138.5-263.0) | 201.0 (150.0-253.5) |
| <100 | 4 (4) | 7 (7) | 11 (5.5) |
| C-reactive protein, ≥1 mg/dL | 67/96 (69.8) | 76/97 (78.4) | 146/193 (75.6) |
| Procalcitonin ≥0.5 ng/mL | 20/93 (21.5) | 25/93 (26.9) | 46/186 (24.7) |
| Aspartate aminotransferase >40 U/L | 27/94 (28.7) | 24/92 (26.1) | 51/186 (27.4) |
| Alanine aminotransferase >40 U/L | 30/94 (31.9) | 32/92 (34.8) | 62/186 (33.3) |
| Lactate dehydrogenase ≥250 U/L | 36/95 (37.9) | 39/92 (42.4) | 75/187 (40.1) |
| Creatine kinase ≥200 U/L | 21/95 (22.1) | 24/92 (26.1) | 47/187 (25.1) |
| Seven-category scale at day 1b | |||
| 3: Hospitalization, not requiring supplemental oxygen | 11 (11) | 15 (15) | 26 (13) |
| 4: Hospitalization, requiring supplemental oxygen | 63 (63) | 57 (57) | 120 (60) |
| 5: Hospitalization, requiring HFNC or noninvasive mechanical ventilation | 26 (26) | 28 (28) | 54 (27) |
| Days from illness onset to randomization, median (IQR) | 6 (5-8) | 6 (5-7) | 6 (5-8) |
| Viral load, cycle threshold values of Orf1ab gene by RT-PCR at day 1c | 29.3 (5.2) | 31.0 (4.2) | 30.1 (4.8) |
| Use of interferon α before enrollment | 8 (8) | 10 (10) | 18 (9) |
| Use of lopinavir–ritonavir before enrollment | 14 (14) | 17 (17) | 31 (15.5) |
| Use of arbidol before enrollment | 16 (16) | 20 (20) | 36 (18) |
Abbreviations: FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen; HFNC, high-flow nasal cannula; IQR, interquartile range; Pao2, partial pressure of oxygen; rhG-CSF, recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; RT-PCR, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction.
SI conversion factors: To convert alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase to μkat/L, multiply by 0.0167; C-reactive protein to mg/L, multiply by 10; platelet count to ×109/L, multiply by 1; white blood cell and lymphocyte count to ×109/L, multiply by 0.001.
None of the study participants had documented comorbidities according to our exclusion criteria.
At 1 day after randomization but before the treatment.
Data are presented as mean (SD). Viral load is measured with cycle thresholds.