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. 2020 Sep 4;3(9):e2015713. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.15713

Figure 3. Model Results for Opioid Prescriptions Within 12 months.

Figure 3.

All models adjust for health system, clinic size, age range (ie, 18-39, 40-60, and ≥61 years), sex, imaging modality, Charlson Comorbidity Index category (ie, 0, 1, 2, and ≥3), prior opioid use, and health system specific time trends. Models include hierarchical random effects for clinic (intercept and treatment) and primary care professional (intercept only). Prior opioid prescription is defined as having 1 or more prescriptions in the 120 days prior to index imaging. A Lumbar Imaging with Reporting of Epidemiology (LIRE) source is any health care professional who ordered an index lumbar spine image for 1 or more participants in the LIRE trial. It need not be the same individual who ordered the patient’s index image. A non-LIRE source is any other health care professional. Any source includes both LIRE and non-LIRE clinicians. NA indicates not applicable.