Table 3. Odds of Depression Symptoms by Resources and Exposure to COVID-19 Stressors.
| Resource | OR (95% CI)a | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Education | ||
| <High school | 0.86 (0.41-1.77) | .68 |
| High school graduate or GED | 1.58 (0.96-2.60) | .08 |
| Some college | 1.45 (0.97-2.16) | .07 |
| ≥College | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Widowed, divorced, or separated | 2.08 (1.29-3.36) | .003 |
| Never married | 1.85 (1.17-2.94) | .008 |
| Living with partner | 1.27 (0.74-2.18) | .39 |
| Household income, $ | ||
| ≤19 999 | 2.37 (1.26-4.43) | .007 |
| 20 000-44 999 | 1.32 (0.78-2.24) | .31 |
| 45 000-74 999 | 1.04 (0.63-1.72) | .88 |
| ≥75 000 | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Household savings, $ | ||
| ≤4999 | 1.52 (1.02-2.26) | .04 |
| ≥5000 | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| COVID-19 stressors | ||
| Low | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Medium | 1.77 (1.16-2.71) | .008 |
| High | 3.05 (1.95-4.77) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; GED, general education diploma; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.
a
Complete case analysis used for multiple logistic regression resulting included 1386 participants for this model. Model controls for demographic characteristics (ie, sex, age, race/ethnicity, and household size). Depression symptoms defined as PHQ-9 score cutoff of 10 or greater. COVID-19 stressor score calculated from stressor summation ranging from 0-13; categories represent low (score, 0-2), medium (score, 3-4), and high (score, 5-13) exposure to stressors due to COVID-19. Data on household income were missing for 34; on household savings, 45 participants; and COVID-19 stressor score, 3 participants.