Table 2. Demographic and Health Record Summary Data for Health Record Review Subsample.
| Sample demographic data | GMMP group (n = 200) | Control group (n = 200) | P value | Test statistic | Effect size (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, No. (%) | |||||
| Male | 84 (42) | 79 (40) | .61 | −0.51 | 0.03 (0.072-0.122) |
| Female | 116 (58) | 121 (60) | |||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 48.1 (10.5) | 48.2 (10.7) | .89 | −0.13 | 0.14 (1.94-2.22) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 31 (8) | 31 (8) | .59 | −0.54 | 0.44 (1.16-2.04) |
| Health record data, mean (SD) | |||||
| EHR length, d | 4076 (1902) | 3829 (1843) | .31 | 1.01 | 211 (198-620) |
| No. of ED visits | 13 (33) | 5 (6) | .007 | 2.75 | 8.16 (2.29-14.01) |
| Daily MME | 52 (35) | 36 (19) | .10 | 1.91 | 16.0 (3.97-35.8) |
| Psychiatric codes, No. (%) | |||||
| Depression | 82 (41) | 33 (16) | <.001 | 28.1 | 0.245 (0.155-0.335) |
| Anxiety | 92 (46) | 39 (20) | <.001 | 30.7 | 0.265 (0.172-0.358) |
| Depression and anxiety | 52 (26) | 15 (8) | <.001 | 23.2 | 0.185 (0.109-0.261) |
| Addiction codes | |||||
| Alcohol | 7 (4) | 3 (2) | .34 | 0.9 | 0.015 (0.016-0.056) |
| Nicotine | 85 (42) | 53 (26) | <.001 | 10.6 | 0.16 (0.063-0.257) |
| Opioids | 6 (3) | 0 | .04 | NA | 0.03 (0.001-0.059) |
| Other substance abuse | 9 (4) | 1 (1) | .03 | 5.0 | 0.04 (0.005-0.075) |
| Alcohol, nicotine, opioids, or other | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); ED, emergency department; EHR, electronic health record; GMMP, Geisinger-specific medication monitoring program; MME, morphine milligram equivalent; NA, not applicable.