Table 3.
Study | Study Design [Sample] Evaluation Period |
Definition of FPI | Key Findings |
---|---|---|---|
Bagalman et al, 201133 | Retrospective study [N=19,191 (BD-I)] 1 year |
Having ≥2 clinically significant events during the 12-month identification period (Year 1) after the first observed diagnosis of BD-I. A clinically significant event included ER visits or hospitalizations with a principal diagnosis of BD (any type), addition of a new medication to the first observed treatment regimen, or ≥50% increase in BD medication dose. |
|
Durden et al, 201034 | Retrospective study [N=5527 (BD-I)] 1 year |
|
|
Haskins et al, 201039 | Retrospective study [N=632 (BD-I or BD-II)] 7 years, max |
Having ≥4 clinically significant events requiring intervention in any 12-month period. A clinically significant event was defined as a BD-related ER visit, inpatient psychiatric hospitalization, or a change in psychotropic medication associated with psychiatric symptoms. |
|
Notes: All three studies identified patients who had FPI over a 12-month period (Year 1) and examined health care costs for these patients over the subsequent 12-month period (Year 2) relative to patients without FPI. Costs adjusted to 2018 US dollars.
Abbreviations: BD, bipolar disorder; BD I, bipolar I disorder; BD II, bipolar II disorder; ER, emergency room; FPI, frequent psychiatric interventions; max, maximum; PPPY, per patient per year.