TABLE 1.
Summary of studies of fish oil supplementation (FS) in athletes relating to oxidative stress1
| Author | Sport | Athlete status | Sex and sample size | Biomarkers affected by FS | Dosing period, wk | Active treatment, mg/d | ω-3 biomarker response to FS | No effect for FS2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Żebroswka et al. (32) | Cycling | Competitive | Male participants n = 13 | ↑NO at rest and postexercise | 3 | 1320 EPA880 DHA | Not measured | Endothelium independent vasodilatation, peak power, TGs, LDL and HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, HR, SBP, DBP, glycerol, TAS, PWV |
| Filaire et al. (35) | Judo | Elite | Male participants n = 20 | ↓TGs, ↑MDA at rest only, ↑MDA, Rmax, CDmax post-ex, ↑NO post-ex | 6 | 600 EPA400 DHA | Not measured | GPx |
| Filaire et al. (36) | Judo | Elite | Male participants n = 28 | ↑MDA, Rmax, CDmax at rest, and ↓post-ex | 6 | 600 EPA400 DHAVitamin C, Vitamin E,β-carotene | Not measured | |
| Filaire et al. (36) | Judo | Elite | Male participants n = 28 | ↑MDA, Rmax, CDmax at rest and post-ex, ↑NO post-ex | 6 | 600 EPA400 DHA | Not measured | |
| McAnulty et al. (37) | Cycling | Competitive | Male and female participants n = 48 | ↑F2-isoprostane post-ex | 6 | 2000 EPA400 DHA | ↑Plasma DHA (55.8%), EPA (61.5%) | |
| McAnulty et al. (37) | Cycling | Competitive | Male and female participants n = 48 | Prevented F2-isoprostane ↑post-ex | 6 | 2000 EPA400 DHAVitamins, Minerals,Antioxidants | ↑Plasma DHA (95.3%), EPA (77.8%) | |
| McAnulty et al. (38) | Cycling | Competitive | Male and female participants n = 39 | Prevented F2-isoprostane ↑post-ex | 2 | 220 EPA180 DHAVitamin C, EGCG,Quercetin, B vitamins | Not measured | ORAC, ferric-reducing ability of plasma |
| Martorell et al. (39) | Soccer | Semiprofessional | Male participants n = 15 | ↑RBC SOD and GRd activity, ↓GPx | 5 d/wk for 8 wk | 1140 DHACHO, Proteins,Almonds | ↑RBC DHA (26.4%) | RBC MDA, carbonyl index, nitrotyrosine, CAT |
| Ghiasvand et al. (19) | Basketball | Well-trained | Male participants n = 34 | Resting: ↑MDA | 6 | 2000 EPA | Not measured | No change TNF-α |
1
CAT, catalase; CDmax, maximum amount of conjugated dienes; CHO, carbohydrate; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; EGCG, epigallocatechin 3-gallate; FS, fish oil supplementation; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GRd, glutathione reductase; HR, heart rate; MDA, malondialdehyde; ORAC, oxygen radical absorption capacity; post-ex, postexercise; PWV, pulse wave velocity; Rmax, maximum rate of oxidation during the propagating chain reaction; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TAS, total antioxidant status; TG, triglyceride.
2
All nonsignificant findings for the effects of FS.