TABLE 3.
Summary of dietary responses towards a given intervention for each class of compound or respective metabolic pathways1
| Compound classes/pathways | Side chains | Soy | Dairy | Meat Protein | High-fat diet | Energy overload | Energy restriction | Whole-grain–rich diet | Polyphenol-rich diet2 | Fish (oil)–rich diet | Health-optimized diet3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Lyso)PE/PC4 | ETE (20:3), AA (20:4) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ↓ (38) |
| (Lyso)PE/PC4 | EPA (20:5), DHA (22:6) | — | — | — | ↓ (39) | — | — | — | — | ↑ (11, 56, 57, 59) | ↑ (38) |
| (Lyso)PC | MCFAs | ↓ (30, 65) | ↑ (30) | — | ↑ (39) | — | — | — | — | — | ↓ (38) |
| (Lyso)PC | OCFAs | ↓ (30, 65) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ↑ (38) |
| FFAs | SCFAs | — | — | — | — | ↓ (12) | — | — | ↑ (53, 65) | — | — |
| FFAs | MCFAs | — | ↑ (35) | — | — | ↑ (47) | ↓ (49) | — | — | — | — |
| FFAs | Furan fatty acids | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ↑ (11, 56, 57, 59) | ↑ (38) |
| FFAs | LC-SFAs | — | — | — | — | ↑ (47) | ↓ (14, 49) | — | — | — | — |
| FFAs | MUFAs | — | — | — | — | ↑ (47) | ↓ (14, 49, 64) | — | ↓ (34) | — | — |
| FFAs | PUFAs | — | — | — | ↓ (39) | ↑ (47) | ↓ (14, 49, 64) | — | — | ↑ (11, 35, 42, 56, 57, 59) | ↑ (38) |
| Oxylipins | LA (18:2), ALA (18:3), DGLA (20:3), AA derivatives | — | — | — | — | — | ↓ (52) | — | — | ↓ (11, 35) | — |
| Oxylipins | EPA, DHA derivatives | — | — | — | — | — | ↓ (52) | — | — | ↑ (11, 35) | — |
| Acylcarnitines | SCFAs | ↓ (65) | ↑ (42) | — | ↓ (39) | — | ↓ (6) | ↑ (57) | ↑ (21) | — | ↑ (38) |
| Acylcarnitines | MCFAs | ↓ (65) | — | — | — | ↑ (6) | ↓ (6) | — | ↓ (21) | — | ↑ (38) |
| Acylcarnitines | LCFAs | ↓ (65) | — | — | — | — | ↓ (6) | — | ↑ (34) | — | ↓ (38) |
| Lipolysis | Ketone bodies | ↑ (33) | — | — | — | ↓ (12) | ↑ (14, 48) | ↑ (56) | ↑ (33, 53) | — | — |
| Sterols | Cholesterol absorption | — | — | — | — | ↑ (47) | — | — | — | — | ↑ (59) |
| Sterols | Cholesterol synthesis | — | — | — | — | ↓ (47) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Cholesterol esters | n–3 PUFAs | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ↑ (11) | — |
| Cholesterol esters | n–6 PUFAs | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ↓ (11) | — |
| Cholesterol esters | Other cholesterol esters | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ↑ (34) | — | — |
| Bile acids | Cholate and deoxycholate | — | — | — | — | ↓ (12) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Bile acids | Other bile acids | — | ↑ (60) | — | — | ↑ (12) | ↑ (14) | — | — | — | — |
| Methyl donors | Trimethylamine | — | — | — | — | ↑ (12) | ↓ (48, 51) | — | — | — | — |
| Methyl donors | Other methylamines | — | — | — | — | ↓ (12) | ↓ (51) | — | ↑ (10) | — | — |
| Methyl donors | Betaines | ↑ (65) | — | — | ↓ (39) | ↑ (12) | — | ↑ (55,57) | — | — | — |
| Methyl donors | Dimethylglycine | — | — | — | — | ↓ (12) | — | ↑ (55, 56) | — | — | — |
| Homocysteine metabolism | Homocysteine, (di)methylarginine | — | — | — | — | ↓ (12) | ↓ (6) | ↓ (56) | — | — | — |
| Sugars | Glucose | — | — | — | ↑ (66) | ↑ (12) | ↓ (48, 50) | — | ↓ (53) | — | — |
| Sugars | Other hexoses | — | — | — | — | — | ↑ (14) | — | — | ↑ (40) | — |
| Sugars | Pentoses | — | — | — | — | ↓ (12) | ↑ (14) | — | ↑ (33) | — | — |
| Sugars | Sugar alcohols | — | — | — | — | ↓ (12) | ↓ (14) | — | ↓ (34) | — | — |
| Glycolysis | — | — | — | — | ↑ (12) | ↑ (14) | — | ↑ (34, 53) | — | — | |
| TCA cycle | — | — | — | — | ↓ (12) | ↓ (14) | — | ↑ (18, 34) | — | — | |
| Amino acids | Essential | ↓ (65) | ↑ (42, 60) | — | — | ↓ (12) | ↓ (14) | ↑ (57) | ↓ (21, 34) | — | — |
| Amino acids | Nonessential | ↓ (65) | ↑ (42, 60) | — | — | ↓ (12) | ↓ (6, 14, 48) | ↑ (57) | ↓ (10, 34) | — | — |
| Amino acids | BCAAs | ↓ (65) | ↑ (42) | ↑ (40) | — | ↓ (12) | ↓ (6, 14, 49) | ↓ (10) | ↓ (34) | ↓ (42) | — |
| Amino acids | Nonproteogenic | — | ↑ (42, 60) | ↑ (40) | — | ↓ (12) | ↑ (14) | — | ↓ (34) | ↑ (42) | — |
| Amino acid derivatives | Serotonins | — | — | — | — | ↓ (12) | ↓ (14) | — | — | — | — |
| Amino acid derivatives | Other tryptophan metabolites | — | — | — | — | ↓ (12) | ↓ (6, 41) | — | ↑ (18) | ↑ (42) | — |
| Amino acid derivatives | Tyrosine metabolites | — | — | — | — | — | ↑ (14) | — | ↑ (10, 34) | — | — |
| Amino acid derivatives | Others | ↑ (65) | ↑ (42) | ↑ (40, 42) | — | ↓ (12) | ↓ (14) | ↑ (57) | ↓ (18, 34) | — | — |
| Urea cycle | — | — | ↑ (40) | ↓ (39) | ↑ (12) | ↑ (14, 41) | ↑ (57) | ↑ (34) | ↑ (42) | — | |
| Nucleosides | Pyrimidines | — | — | — | — | ↓ (12) | — | — | ↑ (34) | — | — |
| Nucleosides | Purines | — | — | — | — | ↓ (12) | ↑ (14) | — | — | — | — |
| Nucleosides | Purine catabolites | ↓ (65) | — | — | — | ↓ (12) | ↓ (14) | ↑ (57) | ↑ (33) | — | — |
| B vitamins | — | — | — | — | ↓ (12) | ↓ (14) | — | — | — | — | |
| Microbial metabolites | Hippuric acid and derivatives | — | — | — | — | ↑ (12) | — | ↑ (57) | ↑ (18, 19, 33, 34, 54, 57) | — | ↑ (57) |
| Microbial metabolites | Indoles | — | ↑ (60) | — | — | ↓ (12) | — | — | ↓ (34) | — | ↑ (38) |
| Microbial metabolites | Other microbial metabolites | — | — | — | — | — | ↑ (14) | ↑ (56) | ↑ (18) | — | — |
| Catechols | — | — | — | — | — | — | ↑ (57) | ↑ (18, 33, 34) | — | ↑ (38, 57) |
Numbers in the parentheses indicate references. AA, arachidonic acid; ALA, ɑ-linolenic acid; BCAA, branched-chain amino acid; DGLA, di-homo-γ-linolenic acid; ETE, eicosatrienoic acid; LA, linoleic acid; LC-SFA, long-chain saturated fatty acid; MCFA, medium-chain fatty acid; OCFA, odd-chain fatty acid; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; TCA cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle; ↑, higher levels; ↓, lower levels.
Polyphenol-rich diet included black tea (53), green tea (25, 26, 53), black soybean (67), dark chocolate (10, 21), blueberry (25), cranberry (18, 54), and bilberry (19).
The health-optimized diet consisted of dietary pattern rich in phytosterols (59), fatty fish, whole grains, bilberries (57), and prebiotic, fiber, low-glycemic-impact meal, and food with blood-lipid–lowering properties (40).
Phospholipids: PC or PE, including plasmalogens.