TABLE 2.
Basic characteristics of observational studies on cross-study reproducibility and stability over time of a posteriori DPs1
| Reference | Location; study | Study design | Participants, n | Age,2 y | Follow-up, y | Questionnaire |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asghari, 2012 (25) | Iran; TLGS | TLGS: cohort study on urban residents in Teheran in 1999–2001; Validation study of the TLGS FFQ based on a random sample of participants who were proportionately distributed across five 10-y age intervals and sexes plus extra wave of the cohort study with FFQ administration | 132 (89 completed FFQ3) | 35.6 ± 16.8 (20–70) | 8, until 2011 (baseline: 1999–2001) | FFQ (based on a Willett format): 1 y; SA; reproducibility and validity to be assessed in this study, but validity granted for the analysis of stability over time; 168 FI; 12 24HRs: collected monthly on 2 formal weekend days and 10 weekdays; FFQ1: completed 1 mo before collection of the first 24HRs; FFQ2: completed 1 mo after the last 24HR, 14 mo between FFQ1 and FFQ2; FFQ3: completed at the end of the follow-up; 19 FGs common to all dietary sources |
| Balder, 2003 (6) | Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, and Italy; DIETSCAN Project (NLSC, SMC, ATBC, ORDET) | Parallel analysis of 4 prospective cohort studies according to the same strategy (no pooled analysis); NLSC (random subcohort): population-based cohort of Ms and Fs from Dutch municipalities that began in 1986; SMC: population-based cohort of Fs based on a mammography screening in 2 counties in central Sweden from 1987 to 1990; ATBC: randomized placebo-controlled intervention study conducted among M smokers who lived in southwestern Finland (1985–1988); ORDET: cohort study of Italian healthy volunteer Fs from the province of Varese, northern Italy (1987–1992) | NLSC: 3123 Ms and Fs (1598 Fs and 1525 Ms); SMC: 61,469 Fs; ATBC: 27,111 Ms; all numbers referred to subjects with complete dietary data; ORDET: 9208 Fs | NLSC: at baseline 61.4 ± 4.2 for Ms and ± 4.3 for Fs (55–69); SMC: at baseline 53.7 ± 9.7 (40–74); ATBC: at baseline 57.7 ± 5.1 (50–69); ORDET: at baseline 48 ± 8.5 (35–69) | 7 for NLSC (baseline: 1986), 13 for SMC (baseline: 1987–1990), and NA for ATBC (baseline: 1985–1988, intervention ended in 1993 after 5–8 y, follow-up later on), 9 for ORDET (baseline: 1987–1992) | 4 different but validated FFQs: NLSC-FFQ: 1 y; SA; NA reproducibility but valid; 150 FI (51 FG, but final number equal to 49); SMC-FFQ: 6 mo; SA; NA reproducibility but valid; 67 FI (51 FG, but final number equal to 42); ATBC-FFQ: 1 y; SA; reproducible and valid; 276 FI (51 FGs, but smaller final number of FGs); ORDET-FFQ: 1 y; SA; reproducible and valid; 107 FI (51 FGs, but final number equal to 32) |
| Borland, 2008 (28) | UK; SWS | SWS: prospective study including Fs from the general population living in the western part of Southampton; subset of Fs interviewed 2 y later at the same time of the year as the first interview (1998, November 13–December 22) from the cohort of 6129 SWS nonpregnant Fs; a subset of 29 diet changers out of all included in a separate analysis | 94 nonpregnant Fs | At baseline (20–34) | 2 y (baseline: 1998) | FFQ: 3 mo; IA; 100 FI (49 FGs); NA reproducibility and validity; FFQ administered 2 times, at baseline and after 2 y |
| Castello, 2016 (12) | Spain; EpiGEICAM, DDM-Spain | EpiGEICAM: case-control study on F breast cancer based on 14 Spanish provinces (2006–2011); DDM-Spain: cross-sectional study based on a random sample of Fs from 7 screening centers (minimum 500 from each center) (2007–2008) | EpiGEICAM: 973 healthy Fs; DDM-Spain: 3550 Fs | EpiGEICAM: 50.63 ± 9.47 (22–71); DDM-Spain: 56.20 ± 5.46 (45–69) | Not applicable | EpiGEICAM: FFQ: 5 y; NA SA; based on a validated FFQ; 117 FI (26 FGs); DDM-Spain: FFQ: 1 y; IA; based on a validated FFQ; 99 FI (all in common with EpiGEICAM FFQ) (26 FGs) |
| Castello, 2016 (11) | Spain; EpiGEICAM | EpiGEICAM: case-control study on F breast cancer patients based in 14 Spanish provinces (2006–2011); selection of 3 studies (Bessaud et al., Adebamowo et al., and Terry et al.) from a systematic review of the literature on DPs and breast cancer | EpiGEICAM: 973 case-control pairs of Fs (1946 Fs in total) | EpiGEICAM: 50.63 ± 9.47 (22–71); other studies: NA | Not applicable | EpiGEICAM: FFQ: 5 y; NA SA; based on a validated FFQ; 117 FI (26 FGs); other studies: FFQs described in the paper |
| Chen, 2015 (29) | Canada CCS, FFQVP | Two time-separated studies (over a decade) in Newfoundland and Labrador, including noninstitutionalized adult residents; CCS: case-control study with a frequency matching on age (5 y) and sex (2001–2005)—controls only from the CCS study; FFQVP: validation study conducted with a stratified random-digit dialing with proportional allocation (2011 –2012) | CCS: 554 controls; FFQVP: 192 | CCS: 58.7 ± 7.7 (35–70) (20–74 in all CCS cases and controls); FFQVP: 56.2 ± 8.7 (35–70) | Not applicable in either study | Modified FFQ based on a Hawaii FFQ: 2 y; SA; 169 FI (39 FGs); valid; same FFQ administered in both studies |
| Crozier, 2009 (15) | UK; SWS | SWS: prospective cohort study including Fs from the general population living in the western part of Southampton (1998–2002) | 2270 (early pregnancy) and 2649 (late pregnancy) from a cohort of 12,572 nonpregnant Fs; 2057 Fs with complete information at the 3 time points of interest used for the stability analysis | At baseline (20–34) | Before pregnancy (median time to conception: 1.8 y from initial interview)—late pregnancy (34 wk of gestation) (baseline: 1998–2002) | FFQ: 3 mo; IA; 98 FI (48 FGs); valid; FFQ administered at 3 time points, before pregnancy, in early pregnancy, and late pregnancy |
| Cuco, 2006 (30) | Spain; NA | Longitudinal cohort study based in the city of Reus, Spain, including healthy F volunteers who had planned and completed a pregnancy and had complete dietary information at all assessment occasions (1992–1996) | 80 Fs | Mean: 29 (at baseline: 18–35; final range: 24–35) | Last preconception visit (1–3 menstrual cycles) to weeks 6, 10, 26, and 38 of pregnancy, and 6 mo postpartum (baseline: 1992–1996) | 17-consecutive-day DR at each time point; check with trained interviewers; 22 FGs common to all time points |
| Cutler, 2009 (31) | USA (Minnesota); EAT | EAT: cohort study of ethnically diverse youth from Minnesota schools during early and middle adolescence; EAT-I (Time 1) and EAT-II (Time 2) | Time 1: 4746; time 2: 2516 | Time 1: at baseline [12–13: early adolescence or middle school (younger cohort), and 15–16: middle adolescence or high school (older cohort)]; time 2: same students 5 y later | 5 y (Time 2: 2003–2004) (baseline: time 1: 1998–1999) | YAO-FFQ, based on the NHS FFQ: NA reference period; NA SA; reproducible and valid in children and adolescents 9–18 y old; 152 FI (152 FGs); pretested in a low-income, ethnically diverse middle school population with good results for comprehension |
| De Vito, 2019 (32) | USA, Italy, and Switzerland; INHANCE | INHANCE: consortium of case-control studies on head and neck cancer; subsample of 7 case-control studies providing information on a common set of 23 nutrients derived from study-specific FFQs. North Carolina (2002–2006); Milan (2006–2009); New York MSKCC (1992–1994); Los Angeles (1999–2004); Switzerland (1991–1997); Italy Multicenter (1990–1999) | 10,668 (3844 cases; 6824 controls) | NA, but adults | Not applicable | 5 study-specific FFQs, as the European studies [Italy Multicenter, Switzerland, and Milan (2006–2009)] shared the same FFQ; 1 y for the 4 US studies and 2 y for the 3 European studies; IA for 3 studies and SA for 4 studies; either reproducible and valid or based on previously validated FFQs; number of FI varying from 72 to 138 (23 common nutrients) |
| Dekker, 2013 (10) | Netherlands; Doetinchem Cohort Study | 3 successive surveys (surveys 2, 3, and 4, after the first one) within the same population-based cohort study including at baseline an age- and sex-stratified random sample of residents from Doetinchem town (1987–1991; follow-up available for 2/3 of the original random sample by design | 4007 subjects with information available for the 3 rounds. In detail: 6113 (survey 2); 4916 (survey 3); 4520 (survey 4) | ∼47–66 | 6 y (survey 2: 1993–1997), 11 y (survey 3: 1998–2002), 16 y (survey 4: 2003–2007) after the first survey, so 10-y follow-up from survey 2 to survey 4 (baseline: 1987–1991) | FFQ: 1 y; NA SA; reproducible and valid; 178 FI (32 FGs) |
| Fung, 2001 (33) | USA; HPFS | HPFS: prospective cohort study of US M health professionals started in 1986; random sample from the 18,255 subjects of the HPFS recruited between 1993 and 1994 who volunteered to provide blood samples | 466 Ms | At baseline (40–75) | 1990 and 1994 waves (baseline: 1986) | FFQ: 1 y; SA; reproducible and valid; 131 FI (42 FGs) |
| Gerdes, 2002 (34) | Denmark; MONICA | Three consecutive surveys from MONICA project, including at baseline (DAN-MONICA I, 1982–1984) a random sample of Danish citizens who lived in the western part of the Copenhagen County and were 30, 40, 50, and 60 y at baseline and further re-examined in 2 successive surveys (DAN-MONICA II and DAN-MONICA III) | 3317 Fs (1822 + 737 + 778) and 3378 Ms (1876 + 725 + 777) | At baseline: 30, or 40, or 50, or 60 | 1982–1984 (baseline, DAN-MONICA I) – 1986–1987 (DAN-MONICA II) and 1991–1992 (DAN-MONICA III) | FFQ: 1 y; NA SA; NA reproducibility and validity; 26 FI (23 FI, with 3 excluded, no FGs built) |
| Judd, 2014 (26) | USA; REGARDS | Population-based cohort study including a random sample of black and white individuals and designed to oversample black participants and people residing in the stroke belt, a US region at particularly high risk for stroke (8 US states) (2003–2007) | 21,636 | >45 | No follow-up | FFQ: 1 y; SA; NA reproducibility, but valid; 107 FI (58 FGs, but final analysis on 56 FGs due to low communality measures and zero consumption) |
| Lopez-Garcia, 2004 (35) | USA; NHS | NHS: prospective cohort study of US F registered nurses started in 1976; sample of Fs who were selected as control subjects for a nested case-control study on diabetes and who did not have cardiovascular disease, cancer, or diabetes mellitus at the time of blood drawing | 732 Fs | At blood drawing, mean: 56 (43–69) (1989–1990) | 1986 and 1990 waves (baseline: 1976) | FFQ; 1 y; SA; reproducible and valid; administered 2 times in 1986 and 1990; 116 FI (37 FGs) |
| Malik, 2012 (36) | USA NHS II | NHS II: prospective cohort study of US F registered nurses started in 1989; sample of Fs who returned an FFQ on high school diet in 1998 and did not have confirmed diabetes/history of diabetes/gestational diabetes, cancer, or cardiovascular disease | 37,038 Fs | At baseline in 1989 (24–44), in 1997 at high school FFQ completion (34–53) | 1997–2005 (baseline: 1989) | HS-FFQ: high school period; SA; reproducible and valid; 124 FI (37 FGs); NHS II FFQ: 1 y; SA; reproducible and valid; 131 FI (40 FGs); NHS II administered 4 times to assess adult diet (in 1991, 1995, 1999, and 2003) |
| Männistö, 2005 (7) | Netherlands, Sweden, and Italy; DIETSCAN Project (NLSC, SMC, ATBC, ORDET) | Parallel analysis of 3 prospective cohort studies according to the same strategy (no pooled analysis); NLSC (random subcohort): population-based cohort of Ms and Fs from Dutch municipalities that began in 1986; SMC: population-based cohort of Fs based on a mammography screening in 2 counties in central Sweden from 1987 to 1990; ORDET: cohort study of Italian healthy volunteer Fs from the province of Varese, northern Italy (1987–1992) | NLSC: 1598 Fs; SMC: 61,463 Fs; ORDET: 10,788 Fs | NLSC: 61.4 ± 4.3 at baseline (55–69); SMC: 53.7 ± 9.7 at baseline (40–74); ORDET: 48 ± 8.5 at baseline (34–70) | 7 y for NLSC (baseline: 1986), and 13 y for SMC (baseline: 1987–1990), 9 y for ORDET (baseline: 1987–1992) | 3 different but validated FFQs: NLSC-FFQ: 1 y; SA; NA reproducibility but valid; 150 FI (51 FGs, but final number equal to 49); SMC-FFQ: 6 mo; SA; NA reproducibility but valid; 67 FI (51 FGs, but final number equal to 42); ORDET-FFQ: 1 y; SA; reproducible and valid; 107 FI (51 FGs, but final number equal to 31) |
| Mikkila, 2005 (16) | Finland; Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study | Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study: multicenter prospective cohort study of children, adolescents, and young adults started in 1980 in Finland; random sample of 50% of the participants who had dietary information and were followed at 2 time points | 1768 subjects in 1980, 1200 in 1986, and 1037 in 2001, giving a total of 1037 subjects with complete information at the 3 time points | At baseline (3–18), in 2001 (24–39) | 1980 (baseline) –2001, with a first wave of follow-up in 1986 | 1 48HR for each time point (in 1980, 1986, and 2001); different number of recorded FI for each time point (23 FGs) |
| Mishra, 2006 (37) | UK; Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (1946 British Birth Cohort) | 1946 British Birth Cohort: longitudinal cohort study based on a social class stratified, random sample of 5362 singleton births in England, Scotland, or Wales during the first week of March 1946, with 21 occasions for collecting information throughout the life-course until published paper; data from interviews at 3 time points in 1982, 1989, and 1999 | 1265 subjects with dietary information at the 3 time points | 36 in 1982, 43 in 1989, 53 in 1999 | 1946 (baseline) –1999 | 1 5-d DR completed between spring and autumn for each time point in 1982, 1989, and 1999; different number of recorded FI for each DR (126 FGs) |
| Moskal, 2014 (8) | Europe; EPIC | EPIC: cohort study on healthy Ms and Fs from 23 centers representing 10 European countries, including a calibration study based on a random sample of 5–12% subjects from each EPIC center | 477,312 (including 34,436 from the calibration study with 24HR) | At baseline (35–70) | 1992–1998 (for FFQ); 1995–2000 (for 24HR) | Country-specific dietary questionnaires, mostly FFQs; NA reference period; SA; valid; NA FI (23 nutrients); 1 24HR recall via face-to-face interview to describe the identified DPs |
| Newby, 2006 (23) | Sweden; SMC | SMC: population-based cohort based on a mammography screening in 2 counties in central Sweden from 1987 to 1990; subsample of SMC including healthy Fs at baseline with complete information on FFQ1 and FFQ2 | 33,840 Fs | Mean: 52 at baseline (all Fs born between 1914 and 1948) | From 1987–1990 (baseline) to 1997–onwards | FFQ1 (1987–1990): 6 mo; SA; reproducible and valid; 67 FI (29 FGs); FFQ2 (1997): 1 y; SA; based on the 1987 reproducible and valid FFQ; 97 FI (32 FGs); mean time interval between FFQs: 8.8 y |
| Newby, 2006 (22) | Sweden; SMC | SMC: population-based cohort based on a mammography screening in 2 counties in central Sweden from 1987 to 1990; subsample of SMC including healthy Fs at baseline with complete information on FFQ1 and FFQ2 | 33,840 Fs | Mean: 52 at baseline (all Fs born between 1914 and 1948) | From 1987–1990 (baseline) to 1997, 9 y of follow-up | FFQ1 (1987–1990): 6 mo; SA; reproducible and valid; 67 FI (29 FGs); FFQ2 (1997): 1 y; SA; based on the 1987 reproducible and valid FFQ; 97 FI (32 FGs) |
| Nimptsch, 2014 (38) | USA; NHS II | NHS II: prospective cohort study of US F registered nurses started in 1989; sample of Fs who returned an FFQ on high school diet in 1998, underwent at least 1 lower bowel endoscopy between 1998 and 2007, and had no history of cancer, colorectal adenomas, hyperplastic polyps | 17,221 Fs | At baseline in 1989 (24–42), in 1997 at high school FFQ completion (34–51) | 1997–2007 (baseline: 1989) | HS-FFQ: high school period (1960–1980); SA; reproducible and valid; 124 FI (37 FGs); NHS II FFQ: 1 y; SA; reproducible and valid; 131 FI (40 FGs); NHS II administered 5 times to assess adult diet (in 1991, 1995, 1999, 2003, and 2007) |
| Northstone, 2005 (39) | UK; ALSPAC | ALSPAC: longitudinal cohort study including a sample of pregnant F residents in the former Avon Health Authority with expected delivery date between 1 April 1991 and 31 December 1992; subset of ALSPAC study including 4- and 7-y-old children (2 waves) | 9550 and 8286 children at 4 and 7 y, respectively | 4 and 7 | 2 waves for the children (4 and 7 y of age) (baseline: 1991–1992) | FFQ adapted from the one used to assess maternal diet at 32 wk of pregnancy; NA reference period; SA, completed by the mother/main carer; NA reproducibility and validity; 90 FI (57 FGs) |
| Northstone, 2013 (18) | UK ALSPAC | ALSPAC: longitudinal cohort study including a sample of pregnant F residents in the former Avon Health Authority with expected delivery date between 1 April 1991 and 31 December 1992; subset of ALSPAC study including 7-, 10-, and 13-y-old children (3 waves) | 7285, 7473, and 6105 children, at 7, 10, and 13 y, respectively | ∼7, 10, and 13 | 3 waves for the children (7, 10, and 13 y of age) (baseline: 1991–1992) | 1 3-d DR for each time point, including 2 weekdays and 1 weekend; at 7 y caregiver completion, at 10 and 13 y, child completion; 62 FGs at each time point |
| Northstone, 2008 (17) | UK; ALSPAC | ALSPAC: longitudinal cohort study including a sample of pregnant F residents in the former Avon Health Authority with expected delivery date between 1 April 1991 and 31 December 1992; subset of ALSPAC study including 3-, 4-, 7-, and 9-y-old children (4 waves) | 10,139, 9550, 8286, and 8010 children, at 3, 4, 7, and 9 y, respectively; 6177 children with information at 4 time points for stability analysis | ∼3, 4, 7, and 9 | 4 waves for the children (3, 4, 7, and 9 y of age) (baseline: 1991–1992) | Slightly different FFQs adapted from the one used to assess maternal diet at 32 wk of pregnancy; NA reference period; SA, completed by the mother/main carer; NA reproducibility and validity; NA FI, increasing number for increasing study wave number; 34, 35, 41, and 41 FGs at 3-, 4-, 7-, and 9-y data |
| Northstone, 2008 (40) | UK; ALSPAC | ALSPAC: longitudinal cohort study including a sample of pregnant F residents in the former Avon Health Authority with expected delivery date between 1 April 1991 and 31 December 1992; subset of ALSPAC study including Fs during pregnancy and 4 y after delivery (2 waves) | 12,053 and 9504 Fs pregnant at baseline and at 4 y of the child, respectively; 8953 Fs with complete information at both time points | NA, but pregnant Fs | 4 y (47 mo after birth) (baseline: 1991–1992) | Slightly different FFQs with extra information added in the second FFQ; NA reference period; SA; NA reproducibility and validity; NA FI (44 FGs at pregnancy assessment and 52 FGs at 4-y wave) |
| Prevost, 1997 (41) | UK; HALS | Two consecutive surveys (1984–1985: HALS1, 1991–1992: HALS2); HALS1: random stratified sample of adult residents in England, Scotland, and Wales | HALS1: 9003; HALS2: 5352 from HALS1, still alive and able to participate | (18–74) | 1991–1992 (HALS2) (baseline: 1984–1985, HALS1) | FFQ: NA reference period; NA SA; 39 FI (39 FGs); NA reproducibility and validity; FFQ administered 2 times, at baseline and at follow-up |
| Schulze, 2006 (42) | USA; NHS II | NHS II: prospective cohort study of US F registered nurses started in 1989; sample of Fs who returned 3 plausible FFQs and did not have history of diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, or were pregnant at FFQ administration time | 51,670 | At baseline (24–44), in 1991 (26–46) | 1991–1999 (baseline: 1989) | NHS II FFQ: 1 y; SA; reproducible and valid; 133 FI (39 FGs); NHS II administered 3 times to assess adult diet (in 1991, 1995, and 1999) |
| Schwerin, 1981 (43) | USA; Ten-State Nutrition Survey (Ten-State), HANES I | Merging of 2 cross-sectional studies; Ten-State (1968–1970): sample disproportionately poor, with few young adults, and a disproportionate number of blacks and Spanish Americans from geographically scattered states; subjects are provided with detailed information from special clinics; HANES I (1971–1974): broad-based national sample including all age groups between 1 and 74 y | Ten-State: 11,337; HANES I: 20,749 | 1–74 | No follow-up | 1 24HR (15 FGs) for both surveys |
| Schwerin, 1982 (44) | USA; Ten-State Nutrition Survey (Ten-State), HANES I, NFCS | Merging of 3 cross-sectional studies; Ten-State (1968–1970): sample disproportionately poor, with few young adults, and a disproportionate number of blacks and Spanish Americans from geographically scattered states; subjects are provided with detailed information from special clinics; HANES I (1971–1974): broad-based national sample including all age groups between 1 and 74 y; NFCS (1977–1978): representative sample of US population | Ten-State: 11,337; HANES I: 20,749; NFCS: 28,030 | 1–74 | No follow-up | 1 24HR (15 FGs) for all 3 surveys, plus for NFCS 2-d DR; for NCFS, combination of information from 24HR and 2-d DR into a 3-d food consumption in grams |
| Togo, 2004 (27) | Denmark; MONICA | Three consecutive surveys from MONICA project, including at baseline (named M-82) a random sample of Danish citizens who lived in the western part of the Copenhagen County and were 30, 40, 50, and 60 y at baseline (1982–1984) and further re-examined in 2 successive surveys (named M-87 and M-93) | 2436 subjects participating in all 3 surveys, including 1806 subjects in M-82 | 30, or 40, or 50, or 60 at baseline | At 5 y (1987–1988, M-87) and 11 y (1993–1994, M-93) | FFQ: 1 y; NA SA; NA reproducibility and validity; 26 FI (21 FGs) |
| van Dam, 2002 (45) | USA; HPFS | HPFS: prospective cohort study of US M health professionals started in 1986; all Ms without diagnosed diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer at baseline | 42,504 Ms | At baseline in 1986 (40–75) | 1986–1998 | FFQ; 1 y; SA; reproducible and valid; 131 FI (37 FGs) |
| Weismayer, 2006 (9) | Sweden; SMC | SMC: population-based cohort based on a mammography screening in 2 counties in central Sweden from 1987 to 1990; subsample of SMC including 4 randomly selected subsamples of 1000 Fs each (giving a total of 4000 Fs), who completed 2 identical FFQs, to avoid survey learning effects | 3606 Fs (871, 864, 887, and 967, at 4, 5, 6, 7 y after baseline, respectively) | 49–70 | 4, 5, 6, 7 y after baseline (1987–1990) depending on the subsample | FFQ (1987–1990): 6 mo; SA; reproducible and valid; 67 FI (25 FGs); FFQ completed at baseline and after 4, 5, 6, or 7 y depending on the subsample |
1
ALSPAC, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; ATBC, Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study; CCS, case-control study (here intended as the full name of one of the included studies and not as the case-control study design); DDM-Spain, Determinantes de la Densidad Mamográfica en España; DIETSCAN, DIETary patternS and CANcer in 4 European countries project; DP, dietary pattern; DR, dietary record; EAT, Eating Among Teens; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; EpiGEICAM, Grupo Español de investigación en Cáncer de Mama; F, female; FFQ1/FFQ2/FFQ3, food-frequency questionnaire at time 1, 2, and 3; FFQVP, Food-Frequency Questionnaire Validation Project; FG, food group; FI, food items; HALS, Health and Lifestyle Survey; HANES, Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; HS, high school; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; IA, interviewer-administered; INHANCE, International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium; M, male; MONICA, MONItoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular Disease; MSKCC, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; NA, not available; NFCS, Nationwide Food Consumption Survey; NHS, Nurses' Health Study; NLSC, Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer; ORDET, Ormoni e Dieta nella Eziologia dei Tumori in Italy; REGARDS, Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke; SA, self-administered; SMC, Swedish Mammography Cohort; SWS, Southampton Women's Survey; TLGS, Teheran Lipid and Glucose Study; YAO, Youth Adolescent Questionnaire; 24HR, 24-h recall; 48HR, 48-h recall.
2
Values are means ± SDs (ranges).