TABLE 1.

Summary of the RRs with 95% CIs and quality of the evidence for associations between fish consumption and risks of cardiometabolic diseases and mortality¹

Outcome	Primary studies, n	Cases, n	Comparison2	Summary RR (95% CI)	P value3	Quality of the evidence (NutriGrade)
Myocardial infarction	11	8468	Per 100 g/d	0.75 (0.65, 0.93)	0.001	Moderate
Cardiovascular mortality	8	11,720	Per 100 g/d	0.75 (0.65, 0.87)	0.003	Moderate
Heart failure	8	7945	Per 100 g/d	0.80 (0.67, 0.95)	0.01	Moderate
Stroke	20	14,360	Per 100 g/d	0.86 (0.75, 0.99)	0.04	Moderate
CHD	22	16,732	Per 100 g/d	0.88 (0.79, 0.99)	0.03	Moderate
All-cause mortality	38	153,998	Per 100 g/d	0.92 (0.87, 0.97)	0.004	Moderate
Heart failure (fried fish)	2	2813	High vs. low	1.40 (1.22, 1.61)	<0.001	Low
CHD mortality	17	4472	Per 100 g/d	0.65 (0.48, 0.87)	0.004	Low
T2D (fatty fish)	4	2754	High vs. low	0.89 (0.81, 0.97)	0.01	Low
CHD (fatty fish)	4	4501	High vs. low	0.85 (0.72, 1.01)	0.07	Low
Hypertension	7	80,759	Per 100 g/d	1.05 (0.96, 1.15)	0.30	Low
Atrial fibrillation	6	9629	Per 100 g/d	0.60 (0.13, 2.66)	0.82	Low
T2D	16	45,029	Per 100 g/d	1.09 (0.93, 1.28)	0.29	Low
Metabolic syndrome	2	1671	Per 100 g/d	0.60 (0.44, 0.87)	0.003	Very low
Heart failure (nonfried fish)	2	2813	High vs. low	0.69 (0.54, 0.89)	0.004	Very low
T2D (lean fish)	4	2754	High vs. low	0.96 (0.77, 1.25)	0.89	Very low
CHD (lean fish)	2	3253	High vs. low	0.98 (0.85, 1.14)	0.82	Very low

¹CHD, coronary heart disease; T2D, type 2 diabetes.

²For meta-analyses that did not report dose-response estimation, the result of the highest compared with the lowest category was reported.

³ P < 0.00125 was considered significant to avoid inflating the rate of false-positive findings due to multiple testing.