Table 2.
Cognitive functions and hippocampal volumes.
| TRS (n = 43) | NTRS (n = 43) | HC (n = 53) |
F or χ2 (p Value) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| across three groups | (TRS vs. HC) | (NTRS vs. HC) | (TRS vs. NTRS) | ||||
| MCCB | |||||||
| Processing speed | 43.4 ± 7.8 | 45.7 ± 10.4 | 56.7 ±8.6 | 34.76(8.1 × 10−13) | 66.27(3.0 × 10−12) | 30.99(3.03 × 10−7) | 1.30(0.20) |
| Attention/vigilance | 45.2 ± 9.8 | 46.0 ± 9.6 | 57.3 ± 8.3 | 29.77(2.6 × 10−11) | 39.17(1.5 × 10−8) | 37.23(3.10 × 10−8) | 0.35(0.60) |
| Working memory | 41.2 ± 13.2 | 47.5 ± 10.0 | 57.5 ± 7.7 | 36.70(2.1 × 10−13) | 54.48(9.8 × 10−11) | 28.28(8.55 × 10−7) | 9.31(0.003) |
| Verbal learning | 44.9 ± 11.4 | 50.6 ± 11.3 | 58.0 ± 8.3 | 23.15(2.4 × 10−9) | 40.37(1.0 × 10−9) | 12.12(0.001) | 7.66(0.007) |
| Visual learning | 42.7± 10.6 | 46.2 ± 11.9 | 53.0 ± 8.6 | 12.93(7.5 × 10−6) | 23.25(6.2 × 10−6) | 9.23(0.003) | 2.32(0.10) |
| Reasoning and problem solving | 44.9 ± 11.4 | 50.6 ± 11.3 | 58.0 ± 8.3 | 42.09(7.2 × 10−15) | 73.46(4.0 × 10−13) | 40.23(1.08 × 10−8) | 2.00(0.20) |
| Social cognition | 42.7± 10.6 | 46.2 ± 11.9 | 53.0 ± 8.6 | 11.20(3.3 × 10−5) | 19.45(3.0 × 10−5) | 8.81(0.004) | 2.49(0.10) |
| Composite score | 40.4± 9.7 | 45.4±10.6 | 57.8±7.9 | 47.40(4.7 × 10−16) | 92.75(2.9 × 10−15) | 42.28(5.4 × 10−9) | 5.12(0.03) |
| Intracranial volume (×106mm3) | 1.44±0.13 | 1.47±0.12 | 1.46±0.09 | 0.94 (0.39) | 0.96(0.39) | 0.44(0.51) | 1.51(0.22) |
| Hippocampal volume(×103mm3) | |||||||
| Total | 6.37±0.65 | 6.75±0.56 | 6.91±0.50 | 11.47(2.6 × 10−5) | 19.66(2.8 × 10−5) | 2.17(0.14) | 6.30(0.01) |
| Left | 3.13± 0.30 | 3.32± 0.28 | 3.40±0.23 | 11.46(2.7 × 10−5) | 21.24(1.4 × 10−5) | 2.00(0.16) | 6.05(0.02) |
| Right | 3.24±0.38 | 3.43±0.29 | 3.51±0.28 | 9.72(1.2 × 10−4) | 15.36(1.8 × 10−4) | 2.07(0.15) | 5.43(0.02) |
Hippocampus volumes were available in 40 of the 43 TRS, 40 of the 43 NTRS, and all 53 HC. F (p Value) of cognitive function and hippocampus volume in three groups, TRS vs. HC and NTRS vs. HC were controlling for sex, age, years of education; F (p Value) (TRS vs. NTRS) of cognitive function and hippocampus volume were added age of illness onset and CPZ equivalent dose as covariate in addition. TRS: treatment-resistant schizophrenia; NTRS: treatment-responsive schizophrenia; HC: Healthy controls.