Table 1.
Prospective studies on restraint physiology.
| Paper Title | Authors | Number of Subjects Enrolled | Notes | Positions compared |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Physiological Impact of Upper Limb Position in Prone Restraint (2012) | Barnett | 25 | The study demonstrated a decline in spirometry performance across several variations of prone positioning, although the values were not considered clinically relevant. | Variations on prone positioning |
| The Effect of Simulated Restraint in the Prone Position on Cardiorespiratory Function Following Exercise in Humans (2000) | Cary | 12 | Subjects were exercised to 85% and parameters measured during recovery. Restraint was simulated with a 75 kg place on the back in the prone position. Want to double check statistical significance here. | Prone |
| Weight Force During Prone Restraint and Respiratory Function (2004) | Chan | 10 | Subjects were placed in the PRMP with weights of 25 kg and 50 kg added to their back. | PRMP ± weight versus sitting |
| Restraint Position and Positional Asphyxia (1997) | Chan | 15 | Measured pulmonary parameters in sitting, prone, supine, and restraint positions before and after exercise. | PRMP versus prone |
| The Effect of Oleoresin Capsicum “Pepper” Spray Inhalation on Respiratory Function (2002) |
Chan | 34 | Subjects were exposed to capsicum spray in the PRMP. | PRMP versus sitting ± Capiscum spray |
| Effect of Position and Weight Force on Inferior Vena Cava Diameter – Implications for Arrest-Related Death (2011) | Ho | 24 | Subjects were placed in the prone position with added weight forces of 45 kg and 67 kg. | Prone |
| Does Weight Force Application to the Lower Torso | Krauskopf | 6 | Subjects were in the prone position with added weight forces of 5, 15, and 25 kg to the lower torso. | Prone |
| Have an Influence on Inferior Vena Cava and Cardiovascular Parameters? (2008) | ||||
| The Cardiopulmonary Effects of Restraints on People with COPD (2005) | Merideth | 5 | Although the study found no significant differences in the tested parameters, 3 subjects were excluded as they experienced clinical decline while prone. | Prone |
| Effect of Wrist Restraint on Maximal Exercise Capacity in Healthy Volunteers (2005) | Merideth | 12 | Subjects were exercised on a bicycle and randomized to hand restraints in front or behind their back. | On bicycle with hands restrained behind back |
| Ventilatory and Metabolic Demands During Aggressive Physical Restraint in Healthy Adults (2007) | Michalewicz | 30/27 | Part 1. Subjects were placed in the PRMP with weights of up to 90.1 or 120.3 kg added to their back. Part 2. Subjects were exercised to 85% and parameters measured during recovery. | PRMP versus prone or seated |
| Sudden Death During Restraint: Do Some Positions Affect Lung Function? (2008) | Parkes | 15 | Subjects were placed in the “flexed restraint” position with weight added to the torso. | Prone and “flexed restraint" |
| Effects of Positional Restraint on Oxygen Saturation and Heart Rate Following Exercise (1988) | Raey | 10 | Subjects were exercised with parameters measured during recovery in the restraint position. | PRMP versus sitting |
| Cardiopulmonary Consequences to Hobble Restraint (1997) | Roeggla | 6 | Subjects were placed in either an upright or prone hobble restraint with significant results corresponding to the prone group. Looks like spirometry results likely clinically irrelevant here. | Prone hobble versus upright hobble |
| The Effect of the Prone Maximal Restraint Position with and without Weight Force on Cardiac Output and Other Hemodynamic Measures (2013) | Savaser | 25 | Subjects were placed in various positions with 50 kg and 100 kg weights added to their backs while in the PRMP. There was a small significant decease in CI in the 50 kg PRMP verus supine position. | PRMP ± weight versus prone and sitting |
| The Effects of Positional Restraint on Heart Rate and Oxygen Saturation (1999) | Schmidt | 18 (Part 1) | Subjects were exercised on a bicycle before parameters were measured during recovery in the restraint position. There were statistical changes in O2 sat but thought to be very small and likely not clinically relevant*. | Hog tie (PMRP) versus seated |
| The Effects of Positional Restraint on Heart Rate and Oxygen Saturation (1999) | Schmidt | 16 (Part 2) | Subjects sprinted and then underwent a simulated struggle before being placed in a modified hogtie position. | Modified hog tie (PMRP) versus seated |
| Evaluation of the ventilatory Effects of the Prone Maximum Restraint (PMR) Position on Obese Human Subjects (2014) | Sloane | 10 | Ventilatory parameters were measured in subjects with a BMI over 30 in the PRMP. | PRMP versus prone or seated |
| Spirometry in Normal Subjects in Sitting, Prone, and Supine Positions (2000) | Vilke | 20 | Spirometry measurements were compared across subjects in prone, sitting, and supine positions. | Prone versus supine and sitting |
| Evaluation of the Ventilatory Effects of a Restraint Chair on Human Subjects (2009) | Vilke | 10 | Subjects were exercised to 85% and parameters measured during recovery in a restraint chair. | Restraint chair versus normal chair |