Fig. 2. Coprophagy prevention induces alterations in metabolic phenotypes in voles (Experiment 2).

a Changes of body mass over the length of the experiment. b Changes of food intake over the length of the experiment (repeated measures ANOVA). c Resting metabolic rates (RMR) of treatment groups. d Cost of non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) of treatment groups. e Concentration of T3 in serum. f Moving distance in three groups in the open-field test. g Differences among three groups in cecum mass. h Small intestinal villus length. i The total mass of feces recovered per day at the end of the experiment. j The total caloric content of recovered feces per day. k, l The concentrations of six short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in cecum contents. Con: control group, coprophagy, CP: coprophagy prevention, SCP: coprophagy with a sham collar. Data are presented as means ± SEM (n = 6 per group), and bars that do not share the same letter are significantly different from one another based on the Student–Newman–Keuls method.