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. 2020 Sep 1;11:2146. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02146

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Copyright © 2020 Rabelo, de Souza, Salomão, Machado, Pereira, Portari, Basílio-de-Oliveira, dos Santos, Neves, Morgade, Provance, Higa, Tanuri, de Carvalho and Paes.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cytokine-producing cell profile. Detection of TNF-α, IFN-γ, VEGFR-2 and RANTES/CCL5 by immunohistochemistry show (A) TNF-α in cells of chorionic villi in control placentae (Left panel) and ZIKV infected placentae (Right panel). (C) Production of IFN-γ in macrophages as well as endothelial cells in chorionic villi and decidual cells of the decidua of control placentae (Left panel) and ZIKV infected placentae (Right panel). (E) VEGFR-2 was expressed in endothelial cells of decidua and chorionic villi in control placentae (Left panel) and ZIKV infected placentae (Right panel). (G) RANTES/CCL5 present mainly in the endothelium and Hofbauer cells located within the chorionic villi and decidual cells and syncytiotrophoblasts of the decidua in control placentae (Left panel) and ZIKV infected placentae (Right panel). Quantification of the cells positive for (B,D,F,H) Quantification of the number of cells expressing TNF-α (B), IFN-γ (D), VEGFR2 (F) and RANTES/CCL5 (H) showed an increased expression of local pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators in ZIKV positive placentae compared to controls. Data are represented as mean ± SDM. Asterisks indicate differences that are statistically significant between groups (**p < 0.01) or (***p < 0.001).