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. 2020 Sep 14;11:4613. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18350-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — In-situ and ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of a Ti 2p, b O 1s, and c Br 3d of TiO₂, CsPbBr₃, and TC2. In-situ XPS spectra were collected under UV–vis light irradiation. The electrostatic potentials of d anatase TiO₂ (101), e rutile TiO₂ (110), and f CsPbBr₃ (001) facets. The blue, red, green, gray, and brown spheres stand for Ti, O, Cs, Pb, and Br atoms, respectively. Blue and red dashed lines indicate the Fermi and vacuum energy levels.