Table 3.
CHI3L1 in other non-cancerous diseases
| System | Category | Related factors | Phenomenon and effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Respiratory | Inflammation | Cigarette smoke33 | CHI3L1↑ |
| RSV154 | CHI3L1↑ → M2 MΦ activation | ||
| IL-18155 | CHI3L1↑ → Type 2 and type 17 inflammation and fibrotic airway remodeling | ||
| Interstitial lung disease157,158 | CHI3L1↑ → poorer prognosis | ||
| Chronic inflammatory airway disease294 | CHI3L1↑ → MUC5AC↑ | ||
| Bacterial infection16 | CHI3L1↑ → bacterial clearance | ||
| Hypersensitivity pneumonitis156 | CHI3L1↑ → poorer prognosis | ||
| Ashma | High fat diet74 | CHI3L1↑ → WAT accumulation and lung Th2 inflammation | |
| Bronchial remodeling33 | CHI3L1↑ → bronchial smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration | ||
| Asthma status and lung function159–162 | CHI3L1↑ → asthma↑, lung function↓ | ||
| Lung fibrosis | Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis163 | CHI3L1↑ → injury↓ profibrotic effect ↑ | |
| Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome31,97 | CHI3L1↑ → pulmonary fibrosis↑ | ||
| Cystic fibrosis164 | CHI3L1↑ → exacerbations↑ | ||
| Asbestosis165 | CHI3L1↑ → lung function↓ | ||
| Lung injury | Hyperoxia30,269 | CHI3L1↓ → acute lung injury↑ | |
| Oxidant-induced30 | CHI3L1↑ → oxidant-induced apoptosis and lung injury | ||
| COPD | Status and airway remodeling166,167 | CHI3L1↑ → exacerbations↑, MΦ activation↑ | |
| Digestive | Liver injury | ConA168 | CHI3L1 → liver injury↑ |
| APAP169 | CHI3L1 → liver damage↓ | ||
| Alcohol170 | CHI3L1 → liver injury↑ | ||
| Ischemia–reperfusion171 | CHI3L1 → liver injury↑ | ||
| Liver fibrosis | Hepatitis C | CHI3L1↑ → fibrosis rate↑, TGF-β↑;172 Promoter polymorphism is not associated with disease progression;175 CHI3L1↑ → false-positive rates;176 CHI3L1↑ → Rapid fibrosis progression after liver transplantation;173 CHI3L1↑ → steatosis↑174 | |
| Hepatitis B177–180 | Serum CHI3L1↑ → liver fibrosis | ||
| Alcoholic liver disease181,182 | CHI3L1↑ → liver fibrosis | ||
| Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease183 | CHI3L1↑ → liver fibrosis | ||
| Bowel diseases | IBD | Fecal CHI3L1 → mucosal inflammation184 and endoscopic activity185 | |
| Colitis | CHI3L1 binds to bacterial chitin-binding protein,186,187 enhances bacterial adhesion and invasion,60 activates Akt signaling145 and IL-6-mediated STAT3 Phosphorylation188 | ||
| Cardiovascular | Atherosclerosis | CHI3L1↑ → coronary189,190 and carotid191 atherosclerosis severity↑, risk↑,193 exacerbates atherosclerosis192 | |
|
Coronary artery disease |
Type 1194 and type 2195 diabetes | CHI3L1↑ | |
| Peripheral artery disease | CHI3L1↑ → risk↑,196,197 ankle-brachial index↓198 | ||
| Giant cell arteritis | CHI3L1↑ in giant cells and macrophages199 | ||
| Thromboembolism | Venous201 and incident200 | CHI3L1↑ | |
| Hypertension | Chinese men295 | CHI3L1↑ | |
| idiopathic pulmonary arterial Hypertension202 | CHI3L1↑ | ||
| Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) | CHI3L1↑ → endothelial function↓ | ||
| Atrial fibrillation | CHI3L1↑ in epicardial adipose tissue,205 risk↑204 | ||
| β-thalassemia major | Hepatic fibrosis | CHI3L1↑206 | |
| Ischemic heart disease | Type 2 diabetes | CHI3L1↑195 | |
| Chronic heart failure | CHI3L1↑207 | ||
| Endocrine | Diabetes | Type 2 | CHI3L1↑209 → BMI-independent marker,213 albuminuria,211,212 mortality,214 obesity,210 psychotic disorders296 |
| Type 1 | CHI3L1↑ → albuminuria215 | ||
| Obesity | CHI3L1↑208 | ||
| Insulin resistance | CHI3L1↑ → TNFα-induced inflammation and insulin resistance↓9 | ||
| Nervous | AD | CSF CHI3L1↑,216,217,219–222 No change223,224 | |
| PD | CHI3L1↑ → cognitive function↓226 | ||
| Urinary | Renal disease | Kidney injury | CHI3L1↑in pediatric severe malaria,229 ischemic injury,17 cardiac surgery-associated,230 adult critically ill,228 hospitalized patients227 |
| Fibrosis232 | CHI3L1↑ | ||
| Hemodialysis234 | CHI3L1↑ → mortality risk↑ | ||
| Nephrotic syndrome235 | CHI3L1↑ → endothelial dysfunction and increased arterial stiffness | ||
| Bladder | Bladder pain syndrome, interstitial cystitis s233 | CHI3L1↑ | |
| Skeletal | Joint | Arthritis | CHI3L1↑236 |
| Osteoarthritis | CHI3L1↑47,297–300 | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | CHI3L1↑,241–246,301 autoantigen,248–250 autoantibody,252 targeted therapy247,251,259,260 |