Table 5.

Mean serum cobalt and chromium ion levels in patients with modular DM constructs at different time intervals.

Study ID	≤1 year		24 months	≤1 year		24 months
	Cobalt ion levels (mcg/L)	Cobalt ion levels (mcg/L)	Cobalt ion levels (mcg/L)	Chromium ion levels (mcg/L)	Chromium ion levels (mcg/L)	Chromium ion levels (mcg/L)
	3 m	12 m		3 m	12 m
Markel et al., 2019 (HIP International)	–	0.63 (0.5–1.7)	0.57 (0.5–1.2)	–	0.53 (0.5–1.4)	0.50 (0.5)
Markel et al., 2019 (Bone and Joint Journal)	0.85 (SD 0.97)	0.64 (SD 0.28)	0.63 (SD 0.36)	0.58 (SD 0.26)	0.56 (SD 0.17)	0.63 (SD 0.38)
Nam et al., 2019	–	0.30 (0.04–2.10)a	0.16 (0.04–0.94)a	–	0.17 (0.07–1.20)	0.14 (0.07–0.26)
Mean Ion Levels	0.85	0.52	0.45	0.58	0.42	0.42

^aStatistically significant.