Table 5.

Histopathological observation of kidney sections after treatment with CdCl₂ and FO.

Treatment	Severity of abnormalities	Histological features
Control	Grade (0)	▪Normal histological structure of the glomerulus and tubules (Fig. 2A).
FO only	Grade (0)	▪Normal architecture of kidney (Fig. 2B).
CdCl2 only	Grade (3)	▪Shrinking or degeneration of the glomerular tuft ▪Periglomerular inflammatory cells ▪Widening of the urinary space ▪Renal cell cytoplasmic degeneration ▪Pyknotic nuclei ▪Intracellular hemorrhage ▪Necrosis in some tubules (Fig. 2C).
CdCl2 + FO (4 mL/kg)	Grade (2)	▪Partial improvement in glomeruli and the renal tubules ▪Foci of intracellular hemorrhage in the cells of renal tubules ▪Some pyknotic nuclei ▪Degeneration of tubules (Fig. 2D, E).
CdCl2 + FO (8 mL/kg)
CdCl2 + FO (12 mL/kg)	Grade (1)	▪No signs of inflammation ▪Intracellular hemorrhage ▪Few pyknotic nuclei (Fig. 2F).