Table 1.
Participant characteristics by CES-D-10 scores and depressive symptoms
| Variables | N (%) | CES-D-10 scores (Mean ± SD) |
F | Depressive symptoms (N / prevalence %) |
χ2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 209.159*** | 157.471*** | |||
| Male | 3216 (55.53) | 7.72 ± 6.14 | 977 (30.38) | ||
| Female | 2575 (44.47) | 10.23 ± 7.05 | 1196 (46.45) | ||
| Age (years old) | 1.138 | 2.646 | |||
| 60–69 | 3504 (60.51) | 8.74 ± 6.70 | 1318 (37.61) | ||
| 70–79 | 1791 (30.93) | 9.03 ± 6.70 | 685 (38.25) | ||
| ≥ 80 | 496 (8.57) | 8.73 ± 6.48 | 170 (34.27) | ||
| Marriage status | 64.053*** | 83.448*** | |||
| Living with spouse present | 3788 (65.41) | 8.12 ± 6.36 | 1262 (33.32) | ||
| Married but not living with spouse temporarily | 190 (3.28) | 9.42 ± 6.48 | 81 (42.63) | ||
| Divorced / Widowed / Never married | 1813 (31.31) | 10.25 ± 7.11 | 830 (48.78) | ||
| Residence | 52.735*** | 102.656*** | |||
| Main city zone | 916 (15.82) | 6.62 ± 5.82 | 226 (24.67) | ||
| Town area | 540 (9.32) | 7.80 ± 6.38 | 167 (30.93) | ||
| Township | 255 (4.40) | 8.42 ± 6.28 | 88 (34.51) | ||
| Village | 4080 (70.45) | 9.49 ± 6.80 | 1692 (41.47) | ||
| Education level | 75.525*** | 190.701*** | |||
| Illiterate | 1705 (29.44) | 10.57 ± 7.18 | 812 (47.62) | ||
| Elementary school or below | 2706 (46.73) | 8.91 ± 6.56 | 1030 (38.06) | ||
| Middle school | 851 (14.70) | 6.92 ± 5.75 | 229 (26.91) | ||
| High school or Vocational school | 410 (7.08) | 6.02 ± 5.44 | 81 (19.76) | ||
| Bachelor’s degree / Associate degree or greater | 119 (2.05) | 5.53 ± 4.65 | 21 (17.65) | ||
| Household per capita consumptions expenditure last yeara | 0.936 | 3.474 | |||
| ≤ 2000 RMB / 286.69 US$ / 255.90 € | 3302 (57.02) | 8.87 ± 6.71 | 1233 (37.34) | ||
| ~ 5000 RMB / 716.72 US$ / 639.75 € | 1233 (21.29) | 9.00 ± 6.47 | 487 (39.50) | ||
| ~ 10,000 RMB / 1433.44 US$ / 1279.51 € | 630 (10.88) | 8.57 ± 6.98 | 223 (35.40) | ||
| > 10,000 RMB / 1433.44 US$ / 1279.51 € | 626 (10.81) | 8.58 ± 6.62 | 230 (36.74) | ||
| Number of chronic diseases sufferedb | 135.991*** | 246.78*** | |||
| None | 1103 (19.05) | 6.57 ± 5.52 | 264 (23.93) | ||
| One | 1452 (25.07) | 7.83 ± 6.22 | 468 (32.23) | ||
| Two | 1309 (22.60) | 8.52 ± 6.37 | 466 (35.60) | ||
| Three or more | 1927 (33.28) | 11.09 ± 7.15 | 975 (50.60) | ||
| Number of children | 25.595*** | 11.394** | |||
| One | 498 (8.60) | 7.39 ± 6.20 | 152 (30.52) | ||
| Two or more | 5293 (91.40) | 8.97 ± 6.71 | 2021 (38.18) | ||
| Frequency of meeting with children | 35.732*** | 79.056*** | |||
| At least once a week | 1725 (29.79) | 7.70 ± 6.37 | 524 (30.38) | ||
| 1–2 times a month | 1793 (30.96) | 8.66 ± 6.44 | 653 (36.42) | ||
| 1–2 times every 6 months | 1533 (26.47) | 9.64 ± 6.82 | 656 (42.79) | ||
| Once a year or less | 740 (12.78) | 10.22 ± 7.17 | 340 (45.95) | ||
| Frequency of connecting with children | 28.873*** | 60.018*** | |||
| At least twice a week | 1985 (34.28) | 7.80 ± 6.32 | 611 (30.78) | ||
| Once a week | 1948 (33.64) | 8.99 ± 6.61 | 782 (40.14) | ||
| 1–2 times a month | 900 (15.54) | 9.85 ± 7.01 | 375 (41.67) | ||
| Once every 3 months or less | 958 (16.54) | 9.70 ± 6.93 | 405 (42.28) | ||
| Total | 5791 (100.00) | 8.83 ± 6.68 | 2173 (37.52) |
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001
a The exchange rates of RMB against US dollar and euro were the rates on January 1, 2020. The absolute poverty line of Chinese population in 2019 was 2300 RMB annual per capita disposable income
bA total of 14 types of chronic diseases were asked: 1. Hypertension; 2. Dyslipidemia (elevation of low density lipoprotein, triglycerides (TGs), and total cholesterol, or a low high density lipoprotein level); 3. Diabetes or high blood sugar; 4. Cancer or malignant tumor (excluding minor skin cancers); 5. Chronic lung diseases, such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema (excluding tumors, or cancer); 6. Liver disease (except fatty liver, tumors, and cancer); 7. Heart attack, coronary heart disease, angina, congestive heart failure, or other heart problems; 8. Stroke; 9. Kidney disease (except for tumor or cancer); 10. Stomach or other digestive disease (except for tumor or cancer); 11. Emotional, nervous, or psychiatric problems; 12. Memory-related disease; 13. Arthritis or rheumatism; 14. Asthma