Table 2. Baseline characteristics of patients sub-grouped according to the GBTM of the heart rate.
| Group 1 (Low-stable) (n = 1,121) | Group 2 (High-increasing-decreasing) (n = 352) | p-value | |
| Age (year) | 64.8 ± 15.6 | 58.2 ± 17.1 | < 0.001 |
| Sex (female) | 330 (29.4%) | 79 (22.4%) | 0.011 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.0 ± 4.87 | 26.2 ± 7.65 | 0.009 |
| Smoking | 552 (49.2%) | 193 (54.8%) | 0.07 |
| Alcohol | 379 (33.8%) | 125 (35.5%) | 0.56 |
| History of diabetes | 481 (42.9%) | 161 (45.7%) | 0.35 |
| History of dyslipidemia | 255 (22.8%) | 76 (21.6%) | 0.65 |
| History of CAD | 482 (43%) | 132 (37.5%) | 0.07 |
| Medications | |||
| ACEI or ARB | 674 (60.6%) | 228 (65.3%) | 0.11 |
| β-blocker | 688 (61.8%) | 184 (52.7%) | 0.003 |
| Diuretics | 915 (82.2%) | 287 (82.2%) | 0.99 |
| Digoxin | 271 (24.4%) | 108 (31.0%) | 0.014 |
| Nitrates | 414 (37.2%) | 116 (33.2%) | 0.18 |
| Hydralazine | 61 (5.48%) | 10 (2.87%) | 0.047 |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 1736.1 ± 1565.6 | 1473.0 ± 1190.5 | 0.09 |
| Hb (g/dL) | 12.0 ± 2.31 | 12.3 ± 2.61 | 0.08 |
| Cre (mg/dL) | 1.84 ± 3.29 | 1.63 ± 1.67 | 0.36 |
| NYHA Class | 0.09 | ||
| Classes 1 and 2 | 804 (71.7%) | 264 (75%) | |
| Class 3 | 257 (22.9%) | 79 (22.4%) | |
| Class 4 | 60 (5.35%) | 9 (2.56%) | |
| LVEF (%) | 31.8 ± 10.1 | 30.2 ± 10.6 | 0.07 |
| Troponin I (ng/mL) | 2.17 ± 10.5 | 3.4 ± 14.5 | 0.27 |
| Rhythm | 0.003 | ||
| Sinus | 680 (64.7%) | 246 (74.3%) | |
| Atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter | 315 (30.0%) | 76 (23.0%) | |
| Paced | 56 (5.33%) | 9 (2.72%) |
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CAD, coronary artery disease; Cre, creatinine; DM, diabetes mellitus; GBTM, group-based trajectory model; Hb, hemoglobin; HR, heart rate; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association.