Table 1. Baseline characteristics, laboratory data, and medication use in patients with metabolic syndrome.
| Normouricemia (N = 38) | Hyperuricemia (N = 25) | p | |
| Age (years) | 52.3 ± 11.1 | 54.8 ± 17.6 | 0.395 |
| Male | 23 (61.0) | 15 (60.0) | 1.000 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.4 ± 3.5 | 29.4 ± 4.7 | 0.929 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 96.7 ± 8.4 | 100.1 ± 13.6 | 0.147 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 132 ± 17 | 134 ± 21 | 0.686 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80 ± 11 | 75 ± 11 | 0.092 |
| Smoking | 14 (36.8) | 6 (24) | 0.408 |
| Hypertension | 30 (78.9) | 15 (60) | 0.154 |
| Diabetes | 19 (50) | 11 (44) | 0.797 |
| Dyslipidemia | 35 (92.1) | 23 (92) | 1.000 |
| Laboratory data | |||
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 5.4 ± 0.8 | 7.5 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 114 ± 24 | 127 ± 49 | 0.174 |
| Insulin (mIU/L) | 18.4 ± 20.9 | 16.6 ± 11.5 | 0.699 |
| HOMA-IR | 5.1 ± 5.9 | 5.2 ± 4.2 | 0.945 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 168 ± 48 | 176 ± 39 | 0.396 |
| High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 40 ± 10 | 39 ± 11 | 0.748 |
| Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 101 ± 30 | 105 ± 33 | 0.586 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 167 ± 309 | 199 ± 108 | 0.180 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.637 |
| Creatinine clearance by Cockcroft-Gault equation (ml/min) | 113 ± 39 | 111 ± 55 | 0.901 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate by MDRD equation (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 93 ± 24 | 89 ± 24 | 0.543 |
| Normal kidney function or CKD stage I | 20 ± 52.6 | 11 ± 44 | 0.752 |
| CKD stage II | 15 ± 39.5 | 11 ± 44 | |
| CKD stage III | 3 ± 7.9 | 3 ± 12 | |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 34 ± 30 | 33 ± 29 | 0.861 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 14.0 ± 2.8 | 13.7 ± 4.4 | 0.713 |
| Medication use | |||
| Anti-hypertensive agents | 30 (78.9) | 15 (60) | 0.154 |
| The number of anti-hypertensive agents* | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 2.1 ± 1.2 | 0.677 |
| Beta-blocker | 12 (31.6) | 4 (16) | 0.239 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 20 (52.6) | 11 (44) | 0.609 |
| ACEI or ARB | 25 (65.8) | 13 (52) | 0.303 |
| Thiazide diuretics | 6 (15.8) | 2 (8) | 0.461 |
| Spironolactone | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 0.514 |
| Anti-diabetic agents | 18 (47.4) | 11 (44) | 1.000 |
| The number of anti-diabetic agents* | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 0.606 |
| Metformin | 17 (44.7) | 9 (36) | 0.603 |
| Sulfonylurea | 9 (23.7) | 7 (28) | 0.772 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 3 (7.9) | 0 (0) | 0.270 |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor | 6 (15.8) | 7 (28) | 0.341 |
| Sodium–glucose co-transporter type 2 inhibitor | 4 (10.5) | 2 (8) | 1.000 |
| Carbohydrase inhibitor | 2 (5.3) | 2 (8) | 1.000 |
| Insulin | 3 (7.9) | 2 (8) | 1.000 |
| Lipid lowering therapy | 22 (57.9) | 12 (48) | 0.606 |
| Urate lowering therapy | 3 (7.9) | 1 (4) | 1.000 |
Values were expressed as mean ± standard deviation or number (percentage).
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study.
* The mean number of anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic agents were calculated in the 45 and 29 patients with the use of the medication, not including the patients without the use of the medication.