Table 3.
Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 RNA abundance during various wastewater treatment processes.
| Country | City | Evaluated wastewater treatment methods and wastewater type | Virus concentration method | RT-(q)PCR target region | Before treatment (gc/L) | After treatment (gc/L) | Log reduction | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| India | Ahmedabad | UASB | PEG precipitation of centrifugated supernatant | ORF1ab N gene S gene |
3.5 × 103 | <LOQ | >1.3 | Present study |
| Aeration pond | ORF1ab | 1.5 × 102 (<LOQ) |
Not detected | – | Present study | |||
| France | Paris | Municipal wastewater treatment (treatment methods not provided) | Ultracentrifugation | E gene | 1 × 103–1 × 105 | <10 × 103 | 2 | Wurtzer et al., 2020b |
| China | Septic tank treatment (details not provided) of hospital effluent | PEG precipitation of centrifugated supernatant | ORF1 N gene |
Not detected | 0.05–1.87 × 103 | – | Zhang et al., 2020 | |
| Spain | Murcia | Secondary treatment (activated sludge/A2O/extended aeration), disinfection, NaClO/UV for municipal sewage treatment | Aluminium flocculation – beef extract precipitation | N gene | N1: 1.4 × 103 N2: 3.4 × 103 N3: 3.1 × 103 (Averaged values) |
<2.5 × 103 | N1: >0.6 N2: >0.1 N3: >0.8 |
Randazzo et al., 2020b |
| Ourense | Primary settler, secondary treatment of municipal sewage | Amicon ultrafiltration of centrifugated supernatant | N gene E gene RdRp gene |
7.5 × 103–1.5 × 104 | Not detected | – | Balboa et al., 2020 | |
| Valencia | Municipal wastewater treatment (treatment methods not provided) | Aluminium flocculation – beef extract precipitation | N gene | N1: 1.0 × 103–1 × 104 (Averaged values) |
Not detected | – | Randazzo et al., 2020a medrxiv |