Fig. 1.

Overview of the potential adjuvant use of pentoxifylline in relation to COVID-19 clinical manifestation. We postulated that cytokine storm results after the SARS-CoV-2 invasion resulting in COVID-19 symptoms like ALI/ARDS, sepsis and multiple organ disorders which can potentially be prevented by pentoxifylline via its inhibitory effect on inflammatory cytokines, proinflammatory immune cells, and ALI as well as its stimulatory effect on anti-inflammatory macrophages, IL-10, pulmonary anti-oxidant enzymes and gas exchange as well as efficacy in cardiovascular events and against viruses. ALI: Acute lung injury; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome, IL-10: Interleukin-10.