Fig. 2. Actinomycetes pose a threat to larval viability due to the production of insecticidal metabolites.

a Survival rates of D. melanogaster larvae that were fed live spores of various actinomycete strains. The effect of WAC strains that produced fly-toxic extracts are in red compared to strains that did not produce fly-toxic extracts in blue (n = 10). b, c Survival of larvae that were fed wild-type WAC-288 compared to strains with different cosmomycin D biosynthetic genes deleted (n = 5). d Survival of larvae that were fed the avermectin producer S. avermitilis wild type compared to the effect of the avermectin deficient mutant SUKA22 (n = 10). The measure of centre for error bars indicate the mean of each data set. Error bars of all graphs indicate the standard deviation of all biological replicates.