Table 1:
Participant and Hospital Characteristics by Cognitive Status
| Participants with Normal Cognition (n=432) | Participants with Pre-existing MCI (n=159) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participant characteristics | ||||
| Age at AIS, mean (SD), years | 78.4 (7.2) | 82.4 (7.7) | <0.001 | |
| Women | 222 (51.4) | 100 (62.9) | 0.01 | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 369 (85.4) | 125 (78.6) | 0.05 | |
| Marital status/living arrangement N(%) | <0.001 | |||
| Married/partner | 245 (56.7) | 58 (36.5) | ||
| Unmarried/living with other | 59 (13.7) | 32 (20.1) | ||
| Unmarried/living alone | 128 (29.6) | 69 (43.4) | ||
| Education | <0.001 | |||
| <12 years | 92 (21.3) | 64 (40.3) | ||
| 12 years | 154 (35.7) | 61 (38.4) | ||
| 13–15 years | 100 (23.2) | 24 (15.1) | ||
| ≥16 years | 86 (19.9) | 10 (6.3) | ||
| Net wealth (quartiles) | 0.002 | |||
| ≤$51,200 | 98 (22.7) | 58 (36.5) | ||
| $51,201–$147,000 | 94 (21.8) | 36 (22.6) | ||
| $147,001–$356,000 | 109 (25.2) | 36 (22.6) | ||
| >$356,000 | 131 (30.3) | 29 (18.2) | ||
| Income (quartiles) | <0.001 | |||
| ≤$15,580 | 97 (22.5) | 60 (37.7) | ||
| $15,581–$26,760 | 98 (22.7) | 43 (27.0) | ||
| $26,761–$45,980 | 117 (27.1) | 29 (18.2) | ||
| >$45,980 | 120 (27.8) | 27 (17.0) | ||
| Charlson comorbidity index score, mean (SD), points | 2.6 (2.3) | 3.0 (2.6) | 0.06 | |
| CES-D depressive symptoms | 0.006 | |||
| 0 | 178 (41.2) | 44 (27.7) | ||
| 1–4 | 206 (47.7) | 88 (55.4) | ||
| 5–8 | 48 (11.1) | 27 (17.0) | ||
| Functional limitations, mean (SD) | 0.8 (1.5) | 2.0 (2.4) | <0.001 | |
| Geographic proximity to adult children | 0.14 | |||
| No children or missing | 30 (6.9) | 10 (6.3) | ||
| Co-residence | 72 (16.7) | 33 (20.8) | ||
| Within 10 miles | 184 (42.6) | 77 (48.4) | ||
| Greater than 10 miles | 146 (33.8) | 39 (24.5) | ||
| Have an adult daughter | 348 (80.6) | 123 (77.4) | 0.39 | |
| Hospital characteristics | ||||
| Medical school affiliate or teaching hospital | 204 (47.2) | 62 (39.0) | 0.08 | |
| Region | 0.36 | |||
| Northeast | 57 (13.2) | 17 (10.7) | ||
| Midwest | 214 (49.5) | 70 (44.0) | ||
| South | 112 (25.9) | 50 (31.5) | ||
| West | 49 (11.3) | 22 (13.8) | ||
| Bed size | 0.09 | |||
| <200 beds | 120 (27.8) | 56 (35.2) | ||
| 200–399 beds | 157 (36.3) | 60 (37.7) | ||
| ≥400 beds | 155 (35.9) | 43 (27.0) | ||
| Authority type | 0.70 | |||
| Government nonfederal (public) | 40 (9.3) | 16 (10.1) | ||
| Non-profit | 319 (73.8) | 112 (70.4) | ||
| For profit | 73 (16.9) | 31 (19.5) | ||
Abbreviations: MCI is mild cognitive impairment. AIS is acute ischemic stroke. CES-D is Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. SD is standard deviation. CT is computed tomography. MRI is magnetic resonance imaging.
Functional limitations were measured by summing the number of difficulties with 6 activities of daily living (walking, dressing, bathing, eating, getting in/out of bed, using toilet), and 5 instrumental activities of daily living (managing money, taking medication, preparing hot meals, using phones, and shopping for groceries) (range, 0–11).
Depressive symptoms were measured by the 8-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.
Social support/structure was measured by marital status/living arrangement, having a daughter, and geographic proximity of adult children.
P-values were calculated using chi square test for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables.
Patient characteristics were available from the Health and Retirement Study.
Hospital characteristics were available from the American Hospital Association.