Table 5. Comparative studies on preventive and therapeutic regimens in rhabdomyolysis.

CPK: Creatine Phosphokinase, ARF: Acute Renal Failure, RP: Rhabdomyolysis Protocol, RM: Rhabdomyolysis, NS: Normal Saline, B: Bicarbonate, M: Mannitol

Title/Author	Study design	Sample size	Patient group	Therapeutic strategy	The outcome in AKI patients
Eneas et al., 1979 [7]	Retrospective	20	Patients with the crush syndrome	Mannitol and sodium bicarbonate	Better in patients with low CPK vs. high CPK
Ron et al., 1984 [27]	Prospective	7	Crush injuries from the collapsed building	Mannitol and Sodium bicarbonate	All recovered without azotemia or renal failure
Knottenbelt et al., 1994 [28]	Retrospective	200	Patients with severe beatings	Fluid loads without mannitol and bicarbonate	No difference; Increased ARF with late admissions
Shimazu et al., 1994 [29]	Retrospective	14	Crush injuries from the earthquake	Early vs Late fluid resuscitation	Better with early and high volume infusions
Homsi et al., 1997 [6]	Retrospective	24	ICU patients	Normal saline vs. normal saline plus bicarbonate and mannitol	No difference
Brown et al., 2004 [30]	Retrospective	2083	Traumatic patients	Normal saline vs. bicarbonate plus mannitol	No difference
Gunal et al., 2004 [31]	Retrospective	16	Patients with crush syndrome	Early vs. late treatment with normal saline followed immediately by bicarbonate	Better with early initiation of treatment.
Cho et al.,  2007 [32]	Prospective  study	28	Patients with intoxication from doxylamine	Ringer’s lactate vs. normal saline; bicarbonate if urine pH is <6.5	Better if therapy initiated early; Better with a high volume of hydration
Iraj et al., 2011 [33]	Prospective study	638	Earthquake victims with crush injuries.	Early large volume vs Early low volume NS; No sodium bicarb or mannitol associated.	Authors recommend >6 L/day in severe RM and ≥3 L/day IV fluid in moderate RM to decrease the incidence of AKI
Tazmini et al., 2017 [34]	Retrospective	31	Exercise-induced  rhabdomyolysis	Normal saline vs.  Urinary alkalinization	No significant difference
Nielsen et al., 2017 [35]	Retrospective	77	Traumatic rhabdomyolysis, CPK >10,000 u/l	NS vs NS+B+M(RP)	Reduced ARF was noted with RP. ARF developed in 26% of patients with the RP vs. 70% without it (P= .008).