Table 3.
Endoscopy characteristics stratified by COVID status
| Variable | COVID-negative | COVID-positive | COVID unknown | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Procedure type | N = 255 | N = 84 | N = 266 | |
| Upper endoscopy | 96 (37.7%) | 56 (66.7%) | 92 (34.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Colonoscopy | 22 (8.6%) | 8 (9.5%) | 29 (10.9%) | |
| Small bowel entroscopy | 6 (2.4%) | 1 (1.2%) | 5 (1.9%) | |
| Upper endoscopy + colonoscopy | 16 (6.3%) | 3 (3.6%) | 19 (7.1%) | |
| ERCP ± EUS | 76 (29.8%) | 9 (10.7%) | 63 (23.7%) | |
| EUS alone | 27 (10.6%) | 2 (2.4%) | 44 (16.5%) | |
| Pouchoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy | 12 (4.7%) | 5 (6.0%) | 14 (5.3%) | |
| Fellow involvement | 86 (33.7%) | 42 (50.0%) | 114 (42.9%) | 0.014 |
| Indicationsa | ||||
| Gastrointestinal bleeding/anemia | 76 (29.8%) | 35 (41.7%) | 64 (24.1%) | 0.007 |
| Abnormal imaging | 39 (15.3%) | 11 (13.1%) | 30 (11.3%) | 0.4 |
| Biliary obstruction/stone/cholangitis | 66 (25.9%) | 8 (9.5%) | 59 (22.2%) | 0.007 |
| Suspected or known mass | 29 (11.4%) | 1 (1.2%) | 32 (12.0%) | 0.013 |
| Foreign body | 5 (2.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.3%) | 0.495 |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 4 (1.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (1.9%) | 0.594 |
| Colorectal cancer screening/surveillance | 4 (1.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 15 (5.6%) | 0.006 |
| Dysphagia or gastrostomy tube placement | 29 (11.4%) | 28 (33.3%) | 24 (9.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms | 18 (7.1%) | 5 (6.0%) | 23 (8.7%) | 0.655 |
| Stent exchange or removal | 13 (5.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 11 (4.1%) | 0.114 |
| Pancreatitis | 5 (2.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 12 (4.5%) | 0.052 |
| Intestinal stenosis/obstruction | 6 (2.4%) | 2 (2.4%) | 5 (1.9%) | 0.921 |
| Other | 4 (1.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 9 (3.4%) | 0.124 |
| Anesthesia level | ||||
| General anesthesia | 123 (48.2%) | 37 (44.1%) | 80 (30.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Monitored anesthesia care | 114 (44.7%) | 34 (40.5%) | 163 (61.3%) | |
| Moderate sedation | 18 (7.1%) | 13 (15.5%) | 23 (8.7%) | |
| Endoscopy findingsa | ||||
| Peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, duodenitis, esophagitis | 53 (20.8%) | 26 (31.0%) | 49 (18.4%) | 0.049 |
| Varices, portal hypertensive gastropathy | 14 (5.5%) | 4 (4.8%) | 14 (5.3%) | 0.967 |
| Colon polyps or masses | 15 (5.9%) | 1 (1.2%) | 19 (7.1%) | 0.125 |
| Biliary dilation/stricture, choledocholithiasis, bile leak | 66 (25.9%) | 8 (9.5%) | 53 (19.9%) | 0.005 |
| Blood | 8 (3.1%) | 7 (8.3%) | 7 (2.6%) | 0.044 |
| Extra-colonic nodules, masses, tumors | 35 (13.7%) | 2 (2.4%) | 29 (10.9%) | 0.015 |
| Intestinal stricture/stenosis | 15 (5.9%) | 8 (9.5%) | 22 (8.3%) | 0.428 |
| Colitis | 15 (5.9%) | 7 (8.3%) | 14 (5.3%) | 0.583 |
| Diverticulosis | 11 (4.3%) | 2 (2.4%) | 6 (2.3%) | 0.368 |
| Vascular malformation (AVMs, GAVE, Dieulafoy) | 5 (2.0%) | 1 (1.2%) | 5 (1.9%) | 1 |
| Abscess, fluid collection, cyst | 6 (2.4%) | 2 (2.4%) | 10 (3.8%) | 0.603 |
| Foreign body or food impaction | 4 (1.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.8%) | 0.524 |
| Maneuversa | ||||
| Hemostatic clips | 13 (5.1%) | 11 (13.1%) | 14 (5.3%) | 0.021 |
| Epinephrine injection | 5 (2.0%) | 6 (7.1%) | 4 (1.5%) | 0.012 |
| Bipolar cautery/Argon plasma coagulation/RFA | 8 (3.1%) | 6 (7.1%) | 8 (3.0%) | 0.18 |
| Variceal banding | 6 (2.4%) | 1 (1.2%) | 5 (1.9%) | 0.792 |
| Sphincterotomy, biliary stent, pancreatic stent | 63 (24.7%) | 8 (9.5%) | 44 (16.5%) | 0.003 |
| Forceps biopsy | 39 (15.3%) | 10 (11.9%) | 41 (15.4%) | 0.711 |
| Fine needle aspiration/biopsy | 29 (11.4%) | 1 (1.2%) | 25 (9.4%) | 0.018 |
| Intestinal stent, stricturotomy, or dilation | 19 (7.5%) | 5 (6.0%) | 14 (5.3%) | 0.584 |
| PEG or NG tube placement | 17 (6.7%) | 27 (32.1%) | 11 (4.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Polypectomy or endoscopic mucosal resection | 10 (3.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 21 (7.9%) | 0.009 |
| Cystogastrostomy or necrosectomy | 5 (2.0%) | 2 (2.4%) | 8 (3.0%) | 0.743 |
| Foreign body or stent removal | 17 (6.7%) | 1 (1.2%) | 24 (9.0%) | 0.047 |
| Video capsule endoscopy placement | 4 (1.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.3%) | 0.679 |
aNote that column percentages do not add up to 100% because a single procedure could have multiple indications, findings, or maneuvers