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Freshwater taxa increasingly dependent on climate refugia include stenothermal (tolerant of only a narrow temperature range) cold-water species threatened by warming, such as (a) brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis); benthic specialists threatened by flood scour and siltation, such as (b) gilt darter (Percina evides); and species threatened by habitat fragmentation, stream dewatering, and predation by non-native species, such as (c) Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus).
