Figure 5.

Refugia management involves first (a) assessing current ecosystem services, fish population status, and associated human impacts; and then (b) identifying overall climate-change vulnerability (large outer circles), here represented by the sum of the three vulnerability elements exposure (yellow circles), sensitivity (blue circles), and adaptive capacity (pink circles) (adapted from Kovach et al. [2019]). Vulnerability element circles increase in size with greater exposure, with enhanced sensitivity, or with reduced adaptive capacity, resulting in greater overall vulnerability (represented by larger outer circle). Potential refugia (vulnerability circles with an orange outline) are those that could function as refugia if there were a change in management strategy; current refugia (vulnerability circles with a green outline) are those that may require protection to continue functioning as refugia. (c) Refugial management incorporates an understanding of existing and potential land/water/fish management trade-offs to develop actions that reduce exposure or sensitivity while maintaining adaptive capacity in key areas and at key times.