Table 2.
List of value-added Bio-products generated using CAZymes and their industrial applications.
| Value-added Bio-Products | Lignocellulosic Biomass | Required Enzymes | Organisms | Applications | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biofuels | Biohydrogen | Cellulose | Endoglucanases, Exoglucanases, β-glucosidases | Clostridium termitidis | Automobile industries, electricity generation | [132,217] |
| Biobutanol | Corn stover | Cellulase, Xylanase | Clostridium acetobutylicum | Biofuel and petroleum industries | [218] | |
| Bioethanol | Rice straw, sugar cane bagasse, dried water hyacinth leaves | Cellulase | T. reesei, A. niger | Biofuel, additive in gasoline | [219] | |
| Organic acids | Acetic acid | Crystalline cellulose, corn stover | Cellulases, Hemicellulases | C. thermocellum, C. thermoaceticum | Chemical industries, food industries | [220,221] |
| Citric acid | ||||||
| Gluconic acid | ||||||
| Formic Acid | ||||||
| Levulinic acid | ||||||
| Lactic acid | ||||||
| Sugar alcohol | Arabitol | Glucose, cellulose, wood chips, xylose | Cellulases, Hemicellulases, | Candida guillermondii | Artificial sweetner, prebiotic in food industries | [222] [223], |
| Galactitol | ||||||
| Mannitol | ||||||
| Sorbitol | ||||||
| Xylitol | ||||||
| Secondary metabolites | Lovastatin | Sweet sorghum fiber, wheat bran, corn fiber | Aspergillus terreus | Used in pharmaceutical industries | [224,225] | |
| Cyclosporin | ||||||
| Mycophenolic acid | ||||||
| Other value added products | Maltose | Wheat bran | Amylase | Penicillium decumbens | Sweetener, intravenous sugar supplement | [226,227] |
| Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) | Rice straw, sugar cane bagasse, dried water hyacinth leaves | Cellulase | T. reesei, A. niger | Intermediate for different chemicals and products used in pharmaceutical formulas, agriculture, daily products, food additives, and bioenergy | [219,228] | |
| Aromatic aldehydes | Barley straw, grape stalks | Laccases | Trametes versicolor | Flavors, fragrances, and pharmaceutical precursors | [229,230,231] | |
| Chitosan | Grapes pomaces | Pectinase | Aspergillus awamori | Applications in agriculture, medicine, and cosmetics | [232,233] | |
| Xylo oligo-saccharides | Xylose, xylan, cellobiose, glucose | Xylanase | Pseudozyma brasiliensis | As prebiotics, Biofuel production, manufacture of bread, food, and drinks, production of animal feed, paper manufacturing, xylitol production, textile industry, and others | [126,230] | |
| SCP | Cellulose, hemicellulose | Flavobacterium sp., Cellulomonas sp. | Food and feed | [234] | ||
| Xanthan/ EPS | Rice hull, wheat whey | Xanthomonas campestris, Schizophyllum commune | Food, petroleum, and pharmaceuticals | [235,236] | ||
| Vanillin | Lignin | Lignin peroxidase, Manganese peroxidase, Laccase | Pleurotus eryngii, Phanerochaete chrysosporium | Flavoring agents | [237,238,239] | |