Table 3.
Panel unit root tests.
| Variables | LLC |
IPS |
Fisher-ADF |
Integration | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| constant | Trend | constant | Trend | constant | Trend | ||
| LCO2 | -4.05∗ | -1.96∗∗ | 0.30 | -2.19∗∗ | 40.10∗ | 43.46∗∗ | I(0) |
| LGDP | -4.85∗ | -18.13∗ | -7.88∗ | -13.14∗ | 39.75∗∗ | 277.51∗ | I(0) |
| LAGR | -1.31∗∗ | -2.18∗∗ | 0.01 | -2.65∗ | 25.46 | 41.98∗∗ | I(0) |
| LURB | -1.13 | -6.35∗ | 1.77 | -8.44∗ | 38.22∗∗∗ | 137.51∗ | I(0) |
| LNRT | -3.77∗ | -4.17∗ | -3.40∗ | -4.08∗ | -3.40∗ | -4.08∗ | I(0) |
| ΔLCO2 | -19.87∗ | 16.18∗ | -19.89∗ | -18.56∗ | 309.68∗ | 283.7∗ | |
| ΔLGDP | -132.06∗ | 27.73∗ | -47.03∗ | -7.83∗ | 130.76∗ | 107.80∗ | |
| ΔLAGR | -11.30∗ | -9.33∗ | -13.06∗ | -11.86∗ | 192.17∗ | 160.92∗ | |
| ΔLURB | -2.06∗∗ | -0.59 | -1.27 | 0.51 | 33.80 | 21.78 | |
| ΔLNRT | -20.03∗ | -18.40∗ | -20.32∗ | -19.14∗ | 319.63∗ | 292.04∗ | |
Notes: ∗, ∗∗ and ∗∗∗ represents are statistical significance rejection level at 1%, 5% and 10% respectively. Δ indicates first difference. Lag selection by SIC of maximum of 4 in all estimations. Here, LLC, IPS and Fisher-ADF means the Levin et al. (2002); Im et al. (2003); Fisher-ADF by Maddala & Wu (1999) panel unit root tests. Automatic lag selection is adopted for the estimations. Also, the co2, gdpc, nrt, urb and ag respectively the carbon dioxide, gross domestic product per capita, total natural rent, urbanization, agricultural value added. Here also ln represents natural logarithmic of the variables outlined.