Table 1.
Summary of empirical health studies using cross-classified multilevel models (CCMM) by reason for use of CCMM.
| Authors | Journal | Outcome | Country | Sample Sizea | Data Source | Data Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reason for Use of CCMM: Concurrent Contexts | ||||||
| Aminzadeh et al. (2013) | Social Science & Medicine | Subjective well-being | New Zealand | N = 5567 | Youth 2007 Health Survey | L1: Individuals L2a: Schools L2b: Neighborhoods |
| Bozorgmehr et al. (2015) | Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health | Disease management program enrollment | Germany | N = 1280 | Epidemiological Study for the Prevention, Early Diagnosis and Optimal Treatment of Chronic Diseases in an Elderly Population (ESTHER) | L1: Individuals L2a: Neighborhoods L2b: General Practitioners |
| Cafri and Fan (2018) | Statistical Methods in Medical Research | Hip implant survival | USA | N = 13,920 | Kaiser Permanente Total Joint Replacement Registry | L1: Individuals L2a: Hospitals L2b: Surgeons |
| Carroll-Scott et al. (2015) | American Journal of Public Health | Body mass index (BMI) | USA | N = 811 | Community Interventions for Health Study; School Administrative Records; US Census; School Learning Environment Survey | L1: Individuals L2a: Schools L2b: Neighborhoods |
| Chaix et al. (2012) | PLoS ONE | Body mass index (BMI); Waist circumference | France | N = 7131 | Residential Environment and Coronary Heart Disease | L1: Individuals L2a: Neighborhoods L2b: Supermarket |
| Cheung, Goodman, Leckie, and Jenkins (2011) | Children and Youth Services Review | Externalizing behaviors | Canada | N = 1063 | Ontario Looking after Children (OnLAC) project | L1: Individuals L2a: Foster Families L2b: Foster Care Workers |
| Chum and O'Campo (2013) | Health & Place | Cardiovascular disease risk | Canada | N = 1626 | Neighborhood Effects on Health and Well-being Study | L1: Individuals L2a: Residential Neighborhoods L2b: Workplace Neighborhoods |
| De Clerq et al. (2014) | Social Science & Medicine | Tobacco use | Belgium | N = 8453 | 2005-6 Health Behavior in School-Aged Children Study | L1: Individuals L2a: Communities L2b: Schools |
| Di Martino et al. (2016) | BMJ Open | Adherence to chronic polytherapy after Myocardial Infarction | Italy | N = 9606 | Hospital Information System (patient records) | L1: Individuals L2a: Hospitals of Discharge L2b: Primary Care Providers |
| Di Martino et al. (2017) | Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | Adherence to long acting bronchodilators | Italy | N = 13,178 | Hospital Information System (patient records) | L1: Individuals L2a: Hospitals of Discharge L2b: Local Health District |
| Dundas, Leyland, and Macintyre (2014) | American Journal of Epidemiology | Self-rated health and mental health | Scotland | N = 6285 | Aberdeen Children of the 1950s Study | L1: Individuals L2a: Schools L2b: Families L3: Neighborhoods |
| Dunn, Milliren, Evans, Subramanian, and Richmond (2015) | American Journal of Public Health | Depressive symptoms | USA | N = 16,172 | National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) | L1: Individuals L2a: Schools L2b: Neighborhoods |
| Dunn, Milliren, et al. (2015) | Health & Place | Tobacco use | USA | N = 16,070 | National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) | L1: Individuals L2a: Schools L2b: Neighborhoods |
| Ecob et al. (2004) | International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research | Ratings of clinical and psychosocial needs of patients (Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS)) | UK | N = 384 | Referrals to Secondary Care Psychiatric Services | L1: Individuals L2a: Primary Care Practice L2b: Health Care Professionals in Secondary Site |
| Ecochard and Clayton (1998) | Statistics in Medicine | Conception; pregnancy | France | N = 1901 | Center for the Study and Preservation of Eggs and Sperm | L1: Ovulation Cycles L2a: Women L2b: Sperm Donors |
| Gifford and Foster (2008) | Medical Care | Inpatient length of stay for a given admission | USA | N = 8400 | Tennessee Impact Study | L1: Hospital Admissions L2a: Children L2b: Facility |
| Groenewegen et al. (2018) | Health & Place | All-cause morbidity | Netherlands | N = 1,159,929 |
NIVEL Primary Care Database; Dutch Integral Safety Monitor 2011; Statistics Netherlands | L1: Individuals L2a: General Practitioner Practices L2b: Neighborhoods L3: Municipalities |
| Gross, Herrin, Wong, and Krumholz (2005) | Journal of Clinical Oncology | Likelihood of enrollment in a cancer trial | Australia | N = 36,167 | National Cancer Institute Clinical Trial Evaluation Program Database | L1: Individuals L2a: Protocols L2b: Centers L2c: Counties |
| Hofer et al. (2004) | BMC Health Services Research | Reliability of physician-assessed patient quality of care | USA | N = 496 physician reviews | Veterans' Medical Records | L1: Quality of Care scores L2a: Patient Records L2b: Physician Reviewers |
| Kendler, Ohlsson, Sundquist, and Sundquist (2015) | Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology | Drug abuse | Sweden | N = 1,089,940 |
Primary Health Care Register, the Total Population Register, the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register, and the Multi-Generation Register | L1: Individuals L2a: Households L2b: Districts |
| Langford and Bentham (1996) | Social Science & Medicine | Age standardized mortality ratio (SMR) | England and Wales | Not Reported | Unspecified nationally-representative data (1989–1991) | L1: Districts L2a: Regions L2b: ACORN Sociodemographic Category |
| Milliren, Richmond, Evans, Dunn, and Johnson (2017) | Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment | Marijuana Use | USA | N = 18,329 | Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) | L1: Individuals L2a: Schools L2b: Neighborhoods |
| Moore et al. (2013) | Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health | Body mass index (BMI); Waist circumference | USA | N = 1503 | Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis | L1: Individuals L2a: Workplace Environments L2b: Neighborhoods |
| Muntaner et al. (2004) | International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health | Depression | USA | N = 473 | Primary Data Collection | L1: Individuals L2a: Nursing Home Workplaces L2b: County of Residence |
| Muntaner et al., 2006 | Health & Place | Depressive symptoms | USA | N = 241 | Primary Data Collection | L1: Observation Occasion L2a: Nursing Assistants L2b: Nursing Home Workplaces L3: County of Residence |
| Muntaner, Li, Xue, Thompson, Chung, et al. (2006) | Social Science & Medicine | Depressive symptoms | USA | N = 341 | Primary Data Collection | L1: Observation Occasion L2a: Nursing Assistants L2b: Nursing Home Workplaces L3: County of Residence |
| Muntaner, Li, Ng, Benach, and Chung (2011) | International Journal of Health Services | Self-reported health; Activity limitations; Alcohol use; Caffeine consumption | USA | N = 868 | Primary Data Collection | L1: Observation Occasion L2a: Nursing Assistants L2b: County of Residence |
| Pedan, Varasteh, and Schneeweiss (2007) | Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy | Adherence to statins | USA | N = 6436 | Blinded Computerized Pharmacy Prescription Records | L1: Individuals L2a: Physicians L2b: Pharmacies |
| Pedersen (2017) | Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Alcohol use; Heavy episodic drinking | Norway | N = 10,038 | Young in Oslo Study | L1: Individuals L2a: Schools L2b: Neighborhoods |
| Penfold, Deena, Benedict, and Kelleher (2008) | International Journal of Health Geographics | Risk of perforated appendicitis | USA | N = 8086 | Ohio Hospital Association | L1: Individuals L2a: Zip Code of Residence L2b: Hospitals |
| Pilbery, Teare, Goodacre, and Morris (2016) | Emergency Medicine Journal | Correct reading of an ECG | UK | N = 254 | Recognition of STEMI (ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction) by Paramedics and the Effect of Computer Interpretation Feasibility Study | L1: Observation Occasion L2a: Individuals L2b: ECG Machines |
| Pruitt et al. (2014) | Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention | Colorectal cancer screening | USA | N = 3898 | John Peter Smith Health System | L1: Individuals L2a: Primary Care Physicians L2b: Clinics L2c: Neighborhoods |
| Ratnapradipa et al. (2017) | Diseases of the Colon & Rectum | Laparoscopic colon cancer resection | USA | N = 10,618 | National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database; Medicare claims Data (2008–2011); 2010 US Census; 2008–2012 American Community Survey | L1: Individuals L2a: Hospitals L2b: Counties |
| Richmond, Dunn, Milliren, Evans, and Subramanian (2016) | Obesity | Body mass index (BMI) | USA | N = 18,200 | National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) | L1: Individuals L2a: Schools L2b: Neighborhoods |
| Riva, Gauvin, Apparicio, and Brodeur (2009) | Social Science & Medicine | Physical activity | Canada | N = 2716 | Unnamed larger study in Montreal | L1: Individuals L2a: Census Tracts L2b: Active Living Potential Walkability Zones |
| Schootman et al. (2014) | Annals of Surgical Oncology | Colorectal surgery outcomes | USA | N = 35,946 | 2000–2005 National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results; 1999–2005 Medicare Claims | L1: Individuals L2a: Hospitals L2b: Census Tracts |
| Teitler and Weiss (2000) | Sociology of Education | Sexual activity | USA | N = 2080 | Philadelphia Teen Survey 1993 Wave | L1: Individuals L2a: Schools L2b: Neighborhoods |
| Thomas, Rahman, Mor, and Intrator (2014) | American Journal of Managed Care | Rehospitalization | USA | N = 1,382,477 |
Medicare Claims and Enrollment Records; Minimum Data Set; Online Survey Certification and Reporting Dataset; Hospital Compare; American Hospital Association Database | L1: Patients L2a: Hospitals L2b: Nursing Home |
| Townsend (2012) | International Journal of Obesity | Body mass index (BMI); Waist circumference | England | N = 788,525 |
National Child Measurement Program | L1: Individuals L2a: Schools L2b: Neighborhoods |
| Tsugawa (2018) | Dissertation | Health care spending | USA | N = 434,616 |
Medicare Beneficiaries | L1: Hospitalizations L2a: Hospitals L2b: Physicians |
| Utter (2011) | American Journal of Public Health | Physical activity | New Zealand | N = 9107 | Youth 2007 Health Survey | L1: Individuals L2a: Schools L2b: Neighborhoods |
| Virtanen et al. (2010) | American Journal of Epidemiology | Long-term sick leave | Finland | N = 3063 | Finnish 10-Town Study | L1: Individuals L2a: Communities L2b: School Workplaces |
| Weich et al. (2017) | The Lancet Psychiatry | Rates of compulsory admission to inpatient psychiatric beds | England | N = 1,238,188 |
2010–11 Mental Health Minimum Data Set (MHMDS) | L1: Patients L2a: Hospitals L2b: Neighborhoods |
| West, Sweeting, and Leyland (2004) | Research Papers in Education | Drinking; Smoking; Illicit drug use; Unhealthy eating | Scotland | N = 2000+ | West of Scotland 11 to 16 Study | L1: Individuals L2a: Schools L2b: Neighborhoods |
| Wilk et al. (2018) | SSM - Population Health | Physical activity | England | N = 1517 | Grade 5 ACT-i-Pass | L1: Individuals L2a: Schools L2b: Neighborhoods |
| Williams et al., 2016 | PLoS ONE | Body mass index (BMI) | USA | N = 16,956 | National Child Measurement Program | L1: Individuals L2a: Residential Neighborhoods L2b: School Neighborhoods |
|
Young (2010) |
International Journal of Health Geographics |
Birth weight |
USA |
N = 1449 |
Cape Cod Family Healthy Study |
L1: Individuals L2a: Communities L2b: Families |
|
Reason for Use of CCMM: Account for Data Structure | ||||||
| Aerenhouts, Clarys, Taeymans, and Cauwenberg (2015) | PLoS ONE | Body fat percentage | Belgium | N = 69 | Primary Data Collection | L1: Observation Occasions L2a: Individuals L2b: Measurement Instruments |
| Ali et al. (2007) | Health & Place | Vaccine uptake | Vietnam | N = 56,076 | Diseases of the Most Impoverished program | L1: Individuals L2a: Schools L2b: Neighborhoods |
| Atkin, Sharp, Harrison, Brage, and Van Sluijs (2016) | Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | Physical activity | UK | N = 704 | Millennium Cohort Study | L1: Observation Occasions L2a: Individuals L2b: Seasons |
| Atkin, Sharp, et al. (2016) | PLoS ONE | Sedentary Behavior | UK | N = 264 | Sport, Physical Activity, and Eating Behavior: Environmental Determinants in Young People (SPEEDY study) | L1: Individuals L2a: Primary Schools L2b: Secondary Schools |
| Becker et al. (2016) | Journal of Hand Surgery | Classification of severity of trapeziometacarpal (TMC) arthrosis | Global | N = 92 | Science of Variation Group 8, 2014-5 | L1: Observation Occasion L2a: Patients' Radiographs L2b: Hand Surgeons |
| Block, Christakis, O'Malley, and Subramanian (2011) | Qual Quant | Body mass index (BMI) | USA | N = 3113 | Framingham Heart Study (Offspring Cohort) | L1: Observation Occasion L2a: Individuals L2b: Neighborhoods |
| De Meester, Van Dyck, De Bourdeaudhuij, Deforche, and Cardon (2014) | BMC Public Health | Physical activity | Belgium | N = 736 | Primary Data Collection | L1: Individuals L2a: Primary Schools L2b: Secondary Schools |
| D'Haese, Dyck, Bourdeaudhuij, Deforche, and Cardon (2014) | International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity | Physical activity | Belgium | N = 606 | Belgian Environmental Physical Activity Study (BEPAS-child) | L1: Individuals L2a: Schools L2b: Neighborhoods |
| D'Haese et al. (2016) | International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity | Physical activity | Belgium | N = 494 | Belgian Environmental Physical Activity Study (BEPAS-child) | L1: Individuals L2a: Schools L2b: Neighborhoods |
| Doumouras et al. (2017) | British Journal of Surgery | Non-technical skills of surgeons and anesthetists | USA | N = 26 | Primary Data Collection | L1: Individuals L2a: Simulation Raters L2b: Training Simulation |
| Hooiveld et al. (2016) | Environmental Health | Morbidity | Netherlands | N = 197,096 |
Dutch Agricultural Geographic Information System & electronic medical record data registered by Dutch general practitioners | L1: Individuals L2a: General Practitioner Practices L2b: Neighborhoods |
| Kirby (2008) | Social Forces | Access to health care | USA | N = 22,682 | Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS); U.S. Census; Health Resources and Services Administration | L1: Individuals L2a: Census Block Groups L2b: Primary Care Service Areas |
| Li et al. (2015) | Academic Emergency Medicine | Length of stay in emergency department | Australia | N = 27,656 | Linked Emergency Department-Laboratory Information Systems database | L1: Individuals L2a: Emergency Departments L2b: Years |
| Linton, Jennings, Latkin, Kirk, and Mehta (2014) | Health & Place | Injection drug use | USA | N = 1510 | AIDS Linked to the Intravenous Study (ALIVE) | L1: Individuals L2a: Neighborhoods at Time 1 L2b: Neighborhoods at Time 2 |
| Meunier, Bisceglia, and Jenkins (2012) | Developmental Psychology | Children's oppositional and emotional problems | Canada | N = 809 | Primary Data Collection | Not reported |
| Schofield, Das-Munshi, Mathur, Congdon, and Hull (2016) | Psychological Medicine | Depression | UK | N = 410,541 |
General Practitioner Patient Health Records from four ethnically diverse London boroughs: Lambeth, Hackney, Tower Hamlets and Newham | L1: Individuals L2a: Neighborhoods L2b: General Practitioner Practices |
| Sharp, Denney, and Kimbro (2015) | Social Science & Medicine | Self-rated health | USA | N = 1147 | Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey (LAFANS) | L1: Observation Occasion L2a: Individuals L2b: Neighborhoods |
| Sink, Hope, and Hagadorn (2011) | Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition | Oxygen saturation target achievement | USA | N = 1019 | Quality Improvement Oximeter Data and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Nurse Administrative Data and Bedside Patient Flowsheets | L1: Monitoring Period L2a: Infants L2b: Nurses |
| Vigil et al. (2017) | Pain | Pain intensity & emergency room prioritization | USA | N = 129,991 |
Veterans' Health Administration Corporate Data Warehouse | Not reported |
|
Winpenny et al. (2017) |
Appetite |
Dietary intake |
UK |
N = 351 |
Sport, Physical Activity and Eating behavior: Environmental Determinants in Young People |
L1: Individuals L2a: Primary Schools L2b: Secondary Schools |
|
Reason for Use of CCMM: Contexts Over Time | ||||||
| Gustafsson et al. (2017) | Health & Place | Functional somatic symptoms | Sweden | N = 920 | Northern Swedish Cohort Study | L1: Individuals L2a: Neighborhoods at 1981 L2b: Neighborhoods at 1986 L2c: Neighborhoods at 1995 L2d: Neighborhoods at 2007 |
| Huijts and Kraaykamp (2012) | International Migration Review | Self-rated health | 31 European Countries | N = 19,210 | European Social Surveys (2002–2008) | L1: Individuals L2a: Country of Origin L2b: Country of Destination L2c: Immigrant Community |
| Leyland and Naess (2009) | Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A | Mortality | Norway | N = 49,736 | Oslo Census Information from 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1991 | L1: Individuals L2a: Area in 1960 L2b: Area in 1970 L2c: Area in 1980 L2d: Area in 1990 |
| Morton et al. (2016) | International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity | Physical activity | England | N = 325 | Sport, Physical Activity, and Eating Behavior: Environmental Determinants in Young People | L1: Individuals L2a: Primary Schools L2b: Secondary Schools |
| Murray et al. (2013) | American Journal of Epidemiology | Physical capability (chair rise, grip strength, balance) | England | N = 2566 | National Survey of Health and Development | L1: Individuals L2a: Residential Area (age 4) L2b: Residential Area (age 26) L2c: Residential Area (age 53) |
| Ohlsson and Merlo (2011) | Social Science & Medicine | All-cause mortality; Ischemic heart disease mortality and morbidity; Cancer mortality and morbidity; Respiratory diseases and related mortality | Sweden | Not reported | National Registers | L1: Individuals L2a: Parish of Residence in 1969 L2b: Parish of Residence in 1979 L2c: Parish of Residence in 1989 L2d: Parish of Residence in 1999 |
| Urquia et al. (2009) | American Journal of Public Health | Birth weight | Canada | N = 22,189 | Canadian Institute for Health Information (1993–2000) | L1: Individuals L2a: Census Tracts L2b: Country of Origin |
| Urquia, Frank, and Glazier (2010) | Social Science & Medicine | Birth weight | Canada | N = 320,398 |
Discharge Abstract Database of the Canadian Institute for Health Information | L1: Infants L2a: Migrant Mother's Country of Birth L2b: Migrant Mother's Country of Last Permanent Residence |
| Urquia, Frank, Moineddin, and Glazier (2011) | Journal of Urban Health | Preterm birth | Canada | N = 397,470 |
Discharge Abstract Database of the Canadian Institute for Health Information | L1: Births L2a: Neighborhoods L2b: Maternal Country of Origin |
|
Zaccarin and Rivellini (2002) |
Statistical Methods & Applications |
Decision to have second child |
Italy |
N = 1092 |
World Fertility Survey Project of the International Statistical Institute and Fertility and Family Survey Project of the European Economic Commission |
L1: Individuals L2a: Birth Place L2b: Current Residence |
|
Reason for Use of CCMM: Innovative Applications | ||||||
| Bell, 2014b | Social Science & Medicine | Mental Health | UK | N = 21,142 | British Household Panel Survey, 1991–2009 | L1: Observation Occasion L2a: Household Year L2b: Period L2c: Individual L3a: Cohorts L3b: Local Authority District |
| Congdon and Best (2000) | Applied Statistics | Emergency in-patient admissions | UK | N = 335 ward-practice catchment zones | Hospital records from Barking and Havering Health Authority (UK); unspecified ward-level data | L1: Hospital Admissions L2a: Ward-Practice Catchment Zones L2b: Primary Care Practices L2c: Hospitals |
| Evans et al. (2016) | Social Science & Medicine | Body mass index (BMI) | USA | N = 14,144 | National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) | L1: Individuals L2a: Social Network Communities L2b: Schools L2c: Neighborhoods |
| Fischbach et al. (2002) | International Journal of Epidemiology | Helicobacter pylori treatment success | Global | N = 618 treatment groups | Meta-analysis of studies examining treatment regimens to eliminate H. pylori from human subjects | L1: Treatment Groups L2a: Studies L2b: Treatment Regimens |
a
Sample size unit is human respondents, unless otherwise noted.
b
Bell, 2014 is classified as an Innovative Methods paper and so is included in Table 1. However it is also an APC paper.