Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants according to the presence of NAFLD and sarcopenia (multiple-imputation analysis).
| Covariate | Individuals with NAFLD |
Individuals without NAFLD |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sarcopenia (n = 239a) | Non-sarcopenia (n = 1,112a) | p value | Sarcopenia (n = 183a) | Non-sarcopenia (n = 3,077a) | p value | |
| Ageb | 58.75 (1.32) | 49.04 (0.61) | <0.0001 | 58.75 (1.31) | 43.02 (0.50) | <0.0001 |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 20–39 | 16.47 (3.25)% | 30.46 (1.87)% | <0.0001 | 20.78 (3.43)% | 47.70 (1.44)% | <0.0001 |
| 40–59 | 28.80 (3.63)% | 43.69 (1.65)% | 0.0009 | 26.25 (3.75)% | 36.69 (1.14)% | 0.0076 |
| >60 | 54.72 (3.73)% | 25.86 (1.69)% | <0.0001 | 52.97 (3.86)% | 15.61 (0.94)% | <0.0001 |
| Male | 51.44 (3.03)% | 61.87 (1.97)% | 0.0044 | 39.24 (3.88)% | 43.60 (0.92)% | 0.2650 |
| Race | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 71.60 (3.96)% | 72.97 (2.70)% | 0.7491 | 68.89 (4.53)% | 72.63 (1.92)% | 0.3256 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.84 (0.68)% | 6.60 (0.80)% | <0.0001 | 3.22 (1.18)% | 12.69 (1.37)% | <0.0001 |
| Hispanic | 22.19 (3.80)% | 16.33 (2.42)% | 0.0919 | 21.70 (3.82)% | 10.34 (1.44)% | 0.0012 |
| Other race | 4.37 (1.86)% | 4.11 (0.77)% | 0.9078 | 6.19 (2.54)% | 4.34 (0.60)% | 0.4308 |
| Income | ||||||
| Low | 27.99 (4.54)% | 18.20 (1.74)% | 0.0242 | 28.69 (3.81)% | 18.28 (1.29)% | 0.0041 |
| Medium | 40.13 (4.39)% | 34.10 (1.83)% | 0.1431 | 44.71 (3.90)% | 35.39 (1.68)% | 0.0335 |
| High | 31.88 (3.79)% | 47.70 (2.51)% | 0.0001 | 26.59 (3.81)% | 46.33 (2.01)% | <0.0001 |
| College degree | 17.19 (2.46)% | 20.74 (1.82)% | 0.2953 | 13.00 (2.33)% | 27.01 (1.62)% | <0.0001 |
| Married | 71.76 (3.46)% | 64.67 (2.22)% | 0.0800 | 61.50 (3.68)% | 59.26 (1.41)% | 0.5564 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Active | 15.27 (2.81)% | 17.94 (1.63)% | 0.3757 | 13.09 (2.73)% | 24.11 (1.25)% | <0.0001 |
| Former | 33.71 (3.20)% | 31.77 (1.56)% | 0.5516 | 29.40 (3.82)% | 22.36 (1.02)% | 0.0573 |
| Non-smoker | 51.02 (3.60)% | 50.29 (2.31)% | 0.8562 | 57.51 (4.10)% | 53.52 (1.38)% | 0.3063 |
| Heightb (cm) | 161.94 (0.55) | 172.37 (0.35) | <0.0001 | 157.33 (0.48) | 169.38 (0.23) | <0.0001 |
| Waistb (cm) | 112.16 (1.20) | 108.21 (0.60) | 0.0010 | 95.14 (1.05) | 89.08 (0.29) | <0.0001 |
| BMIb (kg/m2) | 34.62 (0.64) | 32.05 (0.22) | <0.0001 | 28.24 (0.43) | 25.63 (0.11) | <0.0001 |
| ALMb (g) | 21,018.52 (457.34) | 25,884.26 (244.72) | <0.0001 | 16,245.00 (290.62) | 21,059.24 (122.64) | <0.0001 |
| ALM/BMIb | 0.61 (0.01) | 0.82 (0.01) | <0.0001 | 0.58 (0.01) | 0.83 (0.00) | <0.0001 |
| Obesity | ||||||
| Lean | 3.57 (0.87)% BMI | 7.27 (0.99)% BMI | 0.0056 | 28.72 (3.78)% BMI | 50.20 (1.20)% BMI | <0.0001 |
| Overweight | 23.60 (3.03)% BMI | 34.71 (1.50)% BMI | 0.0005 | 39.91 (3.59)% BMI | 35.99 (1.16)% BMI | 0.2759 |
| Obese | 72.83 (3.24)% BMI | 58.02 (1.69)% BMI | <0.0001 | 31.37 (3.67)% BMI | 13.81 (0.84)% BMI | <0.0001 |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Inactive | 63.47 (3.38)% | 42.56 (1.90)% | <0.0001 | 60.59 (3.86)% | 36.96 (1.34)% | <0.0001 |
| Intermediate | 12.79 (2.20)% | 14.52 (1.33)% | 0.4362 | 15.59 (2.84)% | 17.05 (0.70)% | 0.6241 |
| Ideal | 23.73 (3.34)% | 42.92 (1.88)% | <0.0001 | 23.82 (2.88)% | 45.99 (1.43)% | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 77.06 (3.60)% | 66.69 (2.00)% | 0.0093 | 64.97 (4.01)% | 39.57 (1.20)% | <0.0001 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 88.14 (2.39)% | 87.79 (1.20)% | 0.9022 | 79.92 (3.19)% | 63.90 (1.20)% | <0.0001 |
| Insulin resistance | 82.90 (2.59)% | 82.41 (1.48)% | 0.8671 | 8.80 (2.42)% | 8.54 (0.73)% | 0.9094 |
| Diabetes | 29.87 (3.26)% | 18.76 (1.32)% | 0.0011 | 7.19 (1.96)% | 3.09 (0.33)% | 0.0381 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 71.05 (3.44)% | 62.21 (1.78)% | 0.0244 | 33.76 (4.79)% | 15.20 (0.96)% | <0.0001 |
| History of CVD | 17.64 (2.31)% | 10.48 (1.03)% | 0.0032 | 19.97 (2.98)% | 4.16 (0.37)% | <0.0001 |
| History of cancer | 12.52 (2.60)% | 8.65 (0.93)% | 0.1836 | 14.19 (3.54)% | 6.86 (0.50)% | 0.0451 |
| History of kidney disease | 2.47 (0.83)% | 2.43 (0.78)% | 0.9750 | 4.40 (1.31)% | 1.21 (0.19)% | 0.0152 |
| High risk for CVD | 61.74 (3.46)% | 35.75 (1.70)% | <0.0001 | 53.07 (3.41)% | 16.88 (0.92)% | <0.0001 |
| Advanced fibrosis (NFS) | 14.34 (2.81)% | 6.23 (0.68)% | 0.0082 | 7.09 (1.94)% | 1.24 (0.25)% | 0.0039 |
| Advanced fibrosis (FIB-4) | 3.08 (1.01)% | 1.18 (0.37)% | 0.0883 | 2.26 (0.87)% | 1.03 (0.18)% | 0.1482 |
| Cumulative mortalityc | ||||||
| All cause | 34.55 (3.71)% | 15.12 (1.22)% | <0.0001 | 36.94 (3.74)% | 8.73 (0.47)% | <0.0001 |
| Cardiac specific | 7.00 (1.78)% | 2.92 (0.53)% | 0.0397 | 9.47 (1.76)% | 1.41 (0.21)% | <0.0001 |
| Cancer specific | 8.85 (2.22)% | 3.74 (0.47)% | 0.0312 | 5.63 (1.53)% | 1.96 (0.24)% | 0.0164 |
All values are displayed weighted percentages (SE) except where otherwise noted. ALM, appendicular lean mass; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; FIB-4, Fibrosis-4; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NFS, NAFLD fibrosis score.
a
The number of individuals was reported by multiplying the estimated percentage by the total number of individuals in the full sample.
b
Mean (SE).
c
Median follow-up of 13.5 years.