Table 3.
Age- and sex-adjusted HR of risk factors for all-cause mortality by NAFLD and sarcopenia status (multiple-imputation analysis).
| Covariate | Individuals with NAFLD |
Individuals without NAFLD |
Individuals with both NAFLD and sarcopenia |
Individuals with NAFLD but non-sarcopenia |
Individuals with sarcopenia but non-NAFLD |
Individuals with neither sarcopenia nor NAFLD |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Sarcopenia (unadjusted) | 2.58 (1.84–3.63) | <0.0001 | 5.12 (3.90–6.72) | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Sarcopenia | 1.54 (1.07–2.21) | 0.0192 | 1.95 (1.38–2.75) | 0.0001 | ||||||||
| Age | 1.08 (1.06–1.10) | 0.001 | 1.10 (1.09–1.11) | <0.0001 | 1.06 (1.03–1.09) | 0.001 | 1.08 (1.06–1.11) | <0.0001 | 1.07 (1.05–1.09) | <0.0001 | 1.10 (1.09–1.11) | <0.0001 |
| Male | 1.67 (1.24–2.23) | <0.0001 | 1.65 (1.36–2.00) | <0.0001 | 2.04 (1.34–3.11) | 0.001 | 1.55 (1.11–2.18) | 0.0109 | 1.59 (1.03–2.45) | 0.0371 | 1.67 (1.37–2.03) | <0.0001 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 0.78 (0.55–1.10) | 0.1498 | 0.75 (0.55–1.01) | 0.0589 | 0.92 (0.54–1.56) | 0.7501 | 0.74 (0.52–1.06) | 0.103 | 1.11 (0.67–1.84) | 0.6647 | 0.71 (0.52–0.97) | 0.0318 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.52 (1.05–2.22) | 0.0289 | 1.37 (1.00–1.86) | 0.0467 | 2.00 (0.99–4.06) | 0.0543 | 1.64 (1.13–2.37) | 0.0104 | 0.74 (0.44–1.25) | 0.248 | 1.58 (1.16–2.16) | 0.0052 |
| Hispanic | 1.14 (0.76–1.73) | 0.5139 | 1.28 (0.82–2.00) | 0.2702 | 1.12 (0.69–1.82) | 0.6252 | 1.02 (0.63–1.67) | 0.9282 | 0.79 (0.48–1.32) | 0.362 | 1.30 (0.73–2.33) | 0.367 |
| Other race | 1.12 (0.38–3.28) | 0.8298 | 1.00 (0.39–2.53) | 0.9926 | 0.68 (0.14–3.25) | 0.6227 | 1.40 (0.42–4.65) | 0.5757 | 1.37 (0.38–4.97) | 0.6219 | 0.81 (0.27–2.36) | 0.6869 |
| Low income | 1.51 (1.08–2.11) | 0.0172 | 2.29 (1.86–2.82) | <0.0001 | 1.27 (0.83–1.93) | 0.2624 | 1.50 (0.99–2.27) | 0.054 | 1.34 (0.79–2.29) | 0.2713 | 2.47 (1.91–3.19) | <0.0001 |
| College degree | 0.44 (0.28–0.68) | 0.0004 | 0.58 (0.41–0.83) | 0.0033 | 0.50 (0.22–1.14) | 0.0967 | 0.43 (0.28–0.65) | 0.0002 | 0.86 (0.51–1.46) | 0.5684 | 0.56 (0.38–0.83) | 0.0046 |
| Married | 0.64 (0.46–0.89) | 0.0085 | 0.52 (0.40–0.68) | <0.0001 | 0.62 (0.38–1.01) | 0.0545 | 0.61 (0.42–0.89) | 0.0111 | 0.45 (0.32–0.64) | <0.0001 | 0.54 (0.38–0.76) | 0.0007 |
| Active smoker | 2.10 (1.35–3.26) | 0.0014 | 1.62 (1.23–2.14) | 0.001 | 1.24 (0.57–2.71) | 0.5766 | 2.55 (1.54–4.25) | 0.0006 | 0.83 (0.45–1.54) | 0.5426 | 1.88 (1.43–2.47) | <0.0001 |
| Lean | 1.66 (1.31–2.10) | <0.0001 | 1.35 (1.09–1.67) | 0.0074 | 1.52 (0.77–2.99) | 0.2235 | 1.82 (1.37–2.43) | 0.0001 | 1.22 (0.77–1.94) | 0.3822 | 1.49 (1.18–1.88) | 0.0012 |
| Physical inactivity | 1.45 (1.09–1.93) | 0.0128 | 1.60 (1.25–2.05) | 0.0004 | 1.20 (0.77–1.87) | 0.4217 | 1.45 (1.01–2.08) | 0.0425 | 1.25 (0.80–1.95) | 0.3258 | 1.55 (1.19–2.01) | 0.0014 |
| Hypertension | 1.30 (0.92–1.84) | 0.1393 | 1.40 (0.97–2.02) | 0.0703 | 1.02 (0.45–2.31) | 0.9668 | 1.37 (0.86–2.20) | 0.1835 | 1.08 (0.66–1.75) | 0.7583 | 1.42 (0.96–2.10) | 0.0755 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 0.73 (0.52–1.02) | 0.062 | 0.94 (0.65–1.34) | 0.7104 | 0.73 (0.44–1.22) | 0.2247 | 0.74 (0.48–1.13) | 0.1553 | 0.61 (0.38–1.00) | 0.0483 | 0.98 (0.63–1.53) | 0.9284 |
| Insulin resistance | 0.92 (0.70–1.20) | 0.5142 | 0.83 (0.52–1.33) | 0.4229 | 0.88 (0.49–1.57) | 0.6582 | 0.88 (0.65–1.19) | 0.4119 | 0.59 (0.22–1.60) | 0.2901 | 0.86 (0.53–1.38) | 0.5159 |
| Diabetes | 2.05 (1.53–2.74) | <0.0001 | 2.51 (1.91–3.28) | <0.0001 | 2.42 (1.55–3.79) | 0.0003 | 1.79 (1.25–2.56) | 0.0022 | 0.90 (0.40–2.06) | 0.8035 | 3.21 (2.35–4.39) | <0.0001 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 1.23 (0.94–1.61) | 0.1236 | 1.13 (0.78–1.63) | 0.5122 | 0.94 (0.60–1.48) | 0.789 | 1.31 (0.99–1.73) | 0.0595 | 0.77 (0.50–1.18) | 0.2189 | 1.18 (0.78–1.79) | 0.4265 |
| History of CVD | 2.08 (1.54–2.80) | <0.0001 | 23.16 (13.85–38.73) | <0.0001 | 2.07 (1.33–3.23) | 0.0018 | 2.13 (1.51–3.01) | <0.0001 | 1.58 (1.02–2.45) | 0.0411 | 19.60 (12.44–30.87) | <0.0001 |
| History of cancer | 1.56 (1.07–2.28) | 0.0211 | 3.42 (2.71–4.31) | <0.0001 | 1.73 (1.00–2.98) | 0.0495 | 1.55 (0.98–2.45) | 0.0613 | 1.35 (0.81–2.25) | 0.2445 | 4.16 (3.15–5.50) | <0.0001 |
| History of kidney disease | 2.47 (1.05–5.83) | 0.0394 | 16.82 (10.99–25.72) | <0.0001 | 1.60 (0.68–3.78) | 0.2715 | 3.03 (0.99–9.25) | 0.0519 | 1.80 (0.84–3.85) | 0.1236 | 17.17 (9.05–32.57) | <0.0001 |
| High risk for CVD | 3.83 (2.20–6.69) | <0.0001 | 9.40 (3.40–25.94) | <0.0001 | 4.91 (2.28–10.56) | 0.0002 | 3.22 (1.55–6.68) | 0.0023 | 1.96 (0.94–4.08) | 0.0725 | 11.30 (3.19–40.02) | 0.0004 |
| Advanced fibrosis (NFS) | 1.67 (1.28–2.18) | 0.0003 | 2.44 (1.73–3.44) | <0.0001 | 1.99 (1.18–3.34) | 0.0108 | 1.44 (1.03–2.00) | 0.0339 | 1.92 (1.11–3.32) | 0.0205 | 25.13 (15.79–39.99) | <0.0001 |
| Advanced fibrosis (FIB-4) | 2.89 (1.73–4.84) | 0.0001 | 33.96 (21.91–52.62) | <0.0001 | 2.48 (1.00–6.18) | 0.051 | 3.20 (1.70–6.02) | 0.0006 | 2.34 (1.22–4.48) | 0.0116 | 35.43 (22.24–56.44) | <0.0001 |
CVD, cardiovascular disease; FIB-4, Fibrosis-4; HR, hazard ratio; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NFS, NAFLD fibrosis score.