Table 2.
Multivariable-adjusted mean changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors (95% CI) over 6 years of follow-up, according to quartiles of sedentary time and meeting guidelines for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (N ~ 7900, 2 h glucose N ~ 5800)a (No exclusions)
| Change in CVD risk factors | Sedentary time | P-trend | MVPA guidelinesb | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 (0.8–10.8 h) |
Quartile 2 (10.8–12.0 h) |
Quartile 3 (12.0–13.0 h) |
Quartile 4 (13.0–16.0 h) |
Not meet | Meet | |||
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 0.69 (0.50, 0.88) | 0.83 (0.63, 1.04) | 0.54 (0.34, 0.73) | 0.68 (0.50, 0.87) | 0.53 | 0.65 (0.53, 0.78) | 0.73 (0.57, 0.89) | 0.39 |
| Model 2 | 0.67 (0.47, 0.87) | 0.80 (0.60, 1.01) | 0.55 (0.36, 0.74) | 0.69 (0.50, 0.88) | 0.75 | 0.62 (0.49, 0.74) | 0.76 (0.60, 0.92) | 0.16 |
| Model 3 | 0.63 (0.41, 0.84) | 0.80 (0.60, 1.00) | 0.56 (0.37, 0.75) | 0.73 (0.53, 0.92) | 0.83 | 0.61 (0.47, 0.74) | 0.77 (0.60, 0.93) | 0.14 |
| Waist circumference, cm | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 2.22 (1.72, 2.72) | 2.23 (1.64, 2.81) | 1.78 (1.16, 2.41) | 2.96 (2.41, 3.52) | 0.19 | 2.12 (1.74, 2.49) | 2.53 (2.10, 2.96) | 0.13 |
| Model 2 | 2.36 (1.83, 2.89) | 2.30 (1.71, 2.89) | 1.84 (1.26, 2.43) | 2.57 (2.01, 3.12) | 0.97 | 2.25 (1.87, 2.63) | 2.29 (1.87, 2.72) | 0.88 |
| Model 3 | 2.35 (1.78, 2.93) | 2.30 (1.71, 2.89) | 1.85 (1.26, 2.43) | 2.57 (2.00, 3.15) | 0.93 | 2.22 (1.82, 2.62) | 2.33 (1.89, 2.77) | 0.71 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 0.89 (0.14, 1.65) | 1.39 (0.51, 2.27) | 0.84 (0.01, 1.66) | 0.69 (−0.13, 1.52) | 0.60 | 0.94 (0.35, 1.52) | 0.97 (0.31, 1.63) | 0.94 |
| Model 2 | 0.84 (0.02, 1.66) | 1.45 (0.59, 2.30) | 0.97 (0.15, 1.79) | 0.59 (−0.24, 1.43) | 0.64 | 1.04 (0.43, 1.65) | 0.86 (0.21, 1.51) | 0.68 |
| Model 3 | 1.01 (0.13, 1.89) | 1.45 (0.60, 2.30) | 0.93 (0.10, 1.75) | 0.46 (−0.38, 1.31) | 0.34 | 1.05 (0.42, 1.68) | 0.85 (0.15, 1.54) | 0.69 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | ||||||||
| Model 1 | −0.17 (− 0.78, 0.45) | 0.30 (− 0.32, 0.93) | −0.02 (− 0.66, 0.61) | 0.26 (− 0.40, 0.93) | 0.45 | −0.14 (− 0.60, 0.32) | 0.39 (− 0.12, 0.89) | 0.115 |
| Model 2 | − 0.06 (− 0.69, 0.58) | 0.47 (− 0.15, 1.08) | 0.06 (− 0.55, 0.68) | −0.18 (− 0.85, 0.49) | 0.73 | 0.01 (− 0.45, 0.47) | 0.15 (− 0.36, 0.66) | 0.67 |
| Model 3 | 0.04 (− 0.65, 0.73) | 0.48 (− 0.14, 1.09) | 0.03 (− 0.59, 0.64) | −0.25 (− 0.92, 0.43) | 0.48 | 0.04 (− 0.45, 0.52) | 0.11 (− 0.44, 0.67) | 0.84 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dl | ||||||||
| Model 1 | −5.22 (−6.91, −3.53) | −3.89 (−5.97, −1.81) | −4.63 (− 6.64, −2.62) | −4.68 (− 6.70, − 2.67) | 0.74 | − 4.39 (− 5.74, − 3.03) | − 4.88 (− 6.32, − 3.44) | 0.59 |
| Model 2 | −5.79 (−7.53, − 4.05) | −3.91 (− 6.03, − 1.79) | −4.25 (− 6.23, − 2.26) | −4.61 (− 6.48, − 2.74) | 0.36 | −4.21 (− 5.51, − 2.91) | − 5.18 (− 6.64, − 3.71) | 0.28 |
| Model 3 | −5.94 (− 7.82, − 4.07) | −3.92 (− 6.05, − 1.79) | − 4.12 (− 6.13, − 2.12) | − 4.56 (− 6.46, − 2.67) | 0.32 | − 4.48 (− 5.83, − 3.12) | −4.85 (− 6.39, − 3.31) | 0.71 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dl | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 1.27 (0.60, 1.94) | 1.32 (0.72, 1.93) | 2.17 (1.43, 2.90) | 1.39 (0.76, 2.02) | 0.42 | 1.61 (1.17, 2.06) | 1.44 (0.93, 1.94) | 0.61 |
| Model 2 | 1.66 (0.94, 2.37) | 1.34 (0.77, 1.91) | 2.01 (1.31, 2.70) | 1.12 (0.47, 1.77) | 0.56 | 1.71 (1.25, 2.16) | 1.31 (0.80, 1.82) | 0.27 |
| Model 3 | 1.80 (1.00, 2.59) | 1.35 (0.79, 1.92) | 1.99 (1.29, 2.70) | 0.99 (0.30, 1.67) | 0.34 | 1.69 (1.21, 2.17) | 1.33 (0.78, 1.88) | 0.37 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl c | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 0.96 (0.92, 1.00) | 0.93 (0.89, 0.96) | 0.94 (0.91, 0.97) | 0.95 (0.92, 0.98) | 0.77 | 0.94 (0.92, 0.96) | 0.95 (0.92, 0.97) | 0.58 |
| Model 2 | 0.94 (0.91, 0.98) | 0.93 (0.89, 0.96) | 0.94 (0.91, 0.97) | 0.96 (0.93, 0.99) | 0.58 | 0.94 (0.92, 0.96) | 0.95 (0.93, 0.98) | 0.30 |
| Model 3 | 0.94 (0.90, 0.98) | 0.93 (0.89, 0.96) | 0.94 (0.91, 0.97) | 0.96 (0.93, 1.00) | 0.27 | 0.93 (0.91, 0.96) | 0.95 (0.93, 0.98) | 0.29 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 3.86 (2.94, 4.78) | 4.26 (3.29, 5.22) | 4.14 (3.08, 5.20) | 4.33 (3.30, 5.35) | 0.52 | 4.84 (4.14, 5.54) | 3.29 (2.54, 4.04) | 0.001 |
| Model 2 | 3.47 (2.46, 4.48) | 4.04 (3.08, 5.01) | 4.34 (3.27, 5.41) | 4.79 (3.76, 5.83) | 0.072 | 4.63 (3.94, 5.33) | 3.58 (2.83, 4.34) | 0.03 |
| Model 3 | 3.55 (2.46, 4.64) | 4.09 (3.12, 5.06) | 4.20 (3.12, 5.29) | 4.81 (3.73, 5.88) | 0.142 | 4.73 (4.03, 5.44) | 3.46 (2.64, 4.28) | 0.01 |
| 2-h glucose, mg/dl | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 7.57 (5.03, 10.10) | 8.22 (5.59, 10.84) | 7.06 (3.96, 10.16) | 9.78 (7.21, 12.34) | 0.37 | 8.17 (6.38, 9.96) | 8.08 (6.04, 10.12) | 0.94 |
| Model 2 | 7.01 (4.48, 9.53) | 8.21 (5.56, 10.85) | 7.62 (4.63, 10.61) | 9.86 (7.32, 12.39) | 0.17 | 8.43 (6.72, 10.14) | 7.80 (5.76, 9.83) | 0.59 |
| Model 3 | 7.48 (4.87, 10.09) | 8.38 (5.72, 11.03) | 7.23 (4.23, 10.23) | 9.55 (6.82, 12.29) | 0.43 | 8.29 (6.52, 10.06) | 7.96 (5.87, 10.04) | 0.79 |
| HbA1c, mg/dl | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 0.18 (0.15, 0.21) | 0.18 (0.15, 0.21) | 0.15 (0.12, 0.18) | 0.17 (0.14, 0.20) | 0.28 | 0.16 (0.15, 0.18) | 0.18 (0.15, 0.20) | 0.28 |
| Model 2 | 0.18 (0.15, 0.21) | 0.18 (0.15, 0.21) | 0.16 (0.13, 0.19) | 0.17 (0.14, 0.20) | 0.51 | 0.17 (0.15, 0.18) | 0.18 (0.16, 0.20) | 0.35 |
| Model 3 | 0.18 (0.15, 0.21) | 0.18 (0.15, 0.21) | 0.16 (0.13, 0.19) | 0.17 (0.14, 0.20) | 0.69 | 0.17 (0.15, 0.19) | 0.17 (0.15, 0.20) | 0.98 |
| Fasting insulin, mU/L c | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 1.20 (1.15, 1.25) | 1.23 (1.18, 1.30) | 1.19 (1.14, 1.24) | 1.21 (1.16, 1.25) | 0.82 | 1.23 (1.20, 1.27) | 1.18 (1.14, 1.22) | 0.02 |
| Model 2 | 1.18 (1.13, 1.23) | 1.22 (1.17, 1.28) | 1.20 (1.15, 1.25) | 1.23 (1.19, 1.28) | 0.13 | 1.22 (1.19, 1.26) | 1.19 (1.14, 1.23) | 0.10 |
| Model 3 | 1.19 (1.13, 1.24) | 1.23 (1.17, 1.29) | 1.19 (1.14, 1.24) | 1.22 (1.18, 1.27) | 0.55 | 1.23 (1.19, 1.26) | 1.18 (1.14, 1.23) | 0.06 |
| HOMA-IR c | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 1.27 (1.21, 1.32) | 1.29 (1.22, 1.36) | 1.24 (1.18, 1.30) | 1.25 (1.20, 1.31) | 0.55 | 1.29 (1.25, 1.33) | 1.23 (1.18, 1.27) | 0.02 |
| Model 2 | 1.23 (1.17, 1.28) | 1.27 (1.21, 1.34) | 1.25 (1.19, 1.31) | 1.29 (1.24, 1.34) | 0.13 | 1.28 (1.24, 1.32) | 1.24 (1.19, 1.29) | 0.13 |
| Model 3 | 1.24 (1.18, 1.31) | 1.28 (1.21, 1.35) | 1.24 (1.18, 1.30) | 1.28 (1.23, 1.33) | 0.55 | 1.28 (1.24, 1.32) | 1.23 (1.18, 1.28) | 0.07 |
aExtreme values of change in biomarker (>3SD of distribution) were excluded; extreme observations differ according to different biomarkers- so sample size is different for analysis of each biomarker
Model 1 adjusted for age at baseline, sex, use of medications that affect the dependent variable at baseline and/or visit2, baseline levels of the dependent variable, and elapsed time between visits
Model 2 further adjusted for baseline household income, education, employment status, Hispanic/Latino background, field center, and nativity status, smoking, alcohol consumption, health insurance status, healthcare utilization, self-reported health, diet quality, change in health insurance, baseline BMI and waist-hip ratio (except in modeling change of BMI and waist circumference)
Model 3 adjusted for Model 2 covariates and sedentary time in models of MVPA or MVPA in models of sedentary time
bMeeting 2018 physical activity guidelines defined using measured activity scaled to 7 days of accelerometer wear as 150 minutes/week moderate intensity physical activity, 75 minutes/week vigorous intensity activity, or an equivalent combination of both
cGeometric means (95% CI) presented for triglycerides, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR
Significant findings p < 0.05 bolded