Table 3.
Multivariable-adjusted mean changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors (95% CI) over 6 years of follow-up among individuals without CVD or diabetes or prediabetes at baseline, (normoglycemic adults only) according to quartiles of sedentary time and meeting guidelines for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (N ~ 3014)
| Change in CVD risk factors | Sedentary time | P-trend | MVPA guidelinesa | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 (3.4–10.7 h) |
Quartile 2 (10.7–11.9 h) |
Quartile 3 (11.9–12.8 h) |
Quartile 4 (12.8–16.0 h) |
Not meet | Meet | |||
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 1.17 (0.86, 1.49) | 1.22 (0.95, 1.48) | 1.17 (0.83, 1.51) | 1.31 (1.06, 1.56) | 0.58 | 1.14 (0.95, 1.34) | 1.29 (1.08, 1.49) | 0.30 |
| Model 2 | 1.16 (0.83, 1.49) | 1.19 (0.94, 1.44) | 1.16 (0.85, 1.47) | 1.31 (1.05, 1.57) | 0.51 | 1.08 (0.89, 1.28) | 1.33 (1.11, 1.54) | 0.09 |
| Model 3 | 1.10 (0.75, 1.46) | 1.19 (0.93, 1.44) | 1.18 (0.86, 1.49) | 1.35 (1.08, 1.62) | 0.32 | 1.04 (0.83, 1.25) | 1.37 (1.15, 1.60) | 0.04 |
| Waist circumference, cm | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 2.83 (1.97, 3.69) | 3.03 (2.16, 3.90) | 2.86 (1.83, 3.90) | 3.80 (3.02, 4.59) | 0.17 | 2.67 (2.02, 3.31) | 3.62 (3.03, 4.20) | 0.02 |
| Model 2 | 2.91 (1.97, 3.85) | 3.09 (2.26, 3.92) | 2.97 (2.05, 3.89) | 3.38 (2.61, 4.15) | 0.51 | 2.83 (2.19, 3.46) | 3.36 (2.75, 3.96) | 0.20 |
| Model 3 | 2.75 (1.71, 3.80) | 3.08 (2.25, 3.91) | 3.01 (2.09, 3.94) | 3.49 (2.69, 4.30) | 0.35 | 2.73 (2.06, 3.39) | 3.46 (2.83, 4.09) | 0.11 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 1.37 (0.20, 2.54) | 0.51 (−0.82, 1.85) | 1.09 (−0.06, 2.24) | 0.60 (− 0.52, 1.72) | 0.42 | 1.00 (0.10, 1.89) | 0.76 (− 0.20, 1.72) | 0.73 |
| Model 2 | 1.40 (0.15, 2.65) | 0.64 (−0.67, 1.95) | 1.44 (0.30, 2.57) | 0.37 (−0.74, 1.48) | 0.34 | 1.01 (0.11, 1.91) | 0.86 (−0.12, 1.84) | 0.83 |
| Model 3 | 1.69 (0.38, 3.01) | 0.63 (−0.67, 1.94) | 1.31 (0.16, 2.46) | 0.23 (−0.88, 1.34) | 0.16 | 1.06 (0.11, 2.00) | 0.81 (−0.20, 1.83) | 0.75 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 1.52 (0.46, 2.58) | 1.26 (0.32, 2.20) | 1.27 (0.24, 2.29) | 1.78 (0.84, 2.71) | 0.78 | 1.28 (0.54, 2.01) | 1.62 (0.87, 2.36) | 0.52 |
| Model 2 | 1.75 (0.65, 2.85) | 1.47 (0.52, 2.42) | 1.35 (0.39, 2.30) | 1.32 (0.44, 2.20) | 0.53 | 1.39 (0.68, 2.10) | 1.51 (0.73, 2.28) | 0.83 |
| Model 3 | 1.98 (0.77, 3.19) | 1.48 (0.52, 2.43) | 1.29 (0.31, 2.27) | 1.16 (0.26, 2.06) | 0.30 | 1.47 (0.69, 2.25) | 1.43 (0.62, 2.23) | 0.94 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dl | ||||||||
| Model 1 | −3.33 (−5.59, −1.07) | −0.35 (−3.09, 2.38) | −0.41 (−3.21, 2.39) | −0.07 (−2.58, 2.43) | 0.05 | − 0.05 (−2.14, 2.05) | −2.06 (− 3.81, − 0.31) | 0.13 |
| Model 2 | −4.05 (−6.29, − 1.80) | −0.34 (− 2.93, 2.25) | −0.17 (− 2.75, 2.41) | 0.16 (− 2.06, 2.39) | 0.01 | 0.21 (−1.69, 2.10) | −2.40 (− 4.21, − 0.59) | 0.04 |
| Model 3 | − 3.94 (− 6.37, − 1.52) | − 0.32 (− 2.94, 2.31) | −0.27 (− 2.84, 2.31) | 0.14 (−2.15, 2.42) | 0.03 | − 0.60 (− 2.54, 1.33) | − 1.61 (− 3.52, 0.30) | 0.47 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dl | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 1.13 (0.04, 2.23) | 0.95 (0.02, 1.89) | 2.36 (1.06, 3.66) | 1.31 (0.33, 2.29) | 0.49 | 1.69 (0.94, 2.44) | 1.22 (0.49, 1.96) | 0.39 |
| Model 2 | 1.66 (0.45, 2.86) | 0.90 (0.06, 1.74) | 2.19 (1.00, 3.39) | 0.94 (−0.08, 1.96) | 0.66 | 1.77 (1.00, 2.55) | 1.09 (0.37, 1.82) | 0.21 |
| Model 3 | 1.92 (0.54, 3.29) | 0.92 (0.08, 1.76) | 2.13 (0.92, 3.35) | 0.74 (−0.33, 1.81) | 0.41 | 1.80 (0.98, 2.62) | 1.06 (0.27, 1.85) | 0.23 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl b | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) | 0.48 | 0.98 (0.96, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | 0.92 |
| Model 2 | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 0.96 (0.91, 1.02) | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.05) | 0.73 | 0.97 (0.94, 1.00) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.03) | 0.38 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) | 0.96 (0.91, 1.02) | 0.97 (0.92, 1.01) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) | 0.77 | 0.97 (0.94, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | 0.47 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 3.82 (2.99, 4.64) | 3.12 (2.28, 3.95) | 3.64 (2.79, 4.49) | 3.79 (2.90, 4.68) | 0.94 | 4.28 (3.67, 4.89) | 2.89 (2.30, 3.49) | 0.0004 |
| Model 2 | 3.41 (2.58, 4.24) | 3.04 (2.26, 3.82) | 3.64 (2.80, 4.47) | 4.08 (3.23, 4.93) | 0.22 | 3.94 (3.33, 4.54) | 3.16 (2.57, 3.75) | 0.05 |
| Model 3 | 3.38 (2.52, 4.24) | 3.04 (2.26, 3.82) | 3.67 (2.83, 4.51) | 4.08 (3.21, 4.94) | 0.21 | 4.00 (3.40, 4.60) | 3.10 (2.49, 3.71) | 0.02 |
| 2-h glucose, mg/dl | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 10.78 (7.52, 14.04) | 8.92 (5.17, 12.66) | 8.66 (4.79, 12.53) | 12.47 (9.49, 15.44) | 0.56 | 10.23 (7.81, 12.66) | 10.06 (7.38, 12.75) | 0.92 |
| Model 2 | 10.08 (6.82, 13.34) | 9.14 (5.36, 12.92) | 8.51 (4.86, 12.16) | 13.11 (10.21, 16.00) | 0.22 | 10.15 (7.86, 12.44) | 10.17 (7.42, 12.92) | 0.99 |
| Model 3 | 11.84 (8.62, 15.06) | 9.20 (5.44, 12.96) | 8.07 (4.27, 11.87) | 11.83 (8.82, 14.84) | 0.77 | 9.70 (7.33, 12.07) | 10.61 (7.89, 13.33) | 0.58 |
| HbA1c, mg/dl | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 0.13 (0.11, 0.15) | 0.14 (0.12, 0.16) | 0.16 (0.13, 0.18) | 0.17 (0.14, 0.19) | 0.02 | 0.15 (0.13, 0.16) | 0.15 (0.13, 0.17) | 0.64 |
| Model 2 | 0.13 (0.10, 0.15) | 0.14 (0.12, 0.16) | 0.16 (0.14, 0.19) | 0.16 (0.14, 0.19) | 0.02 | 0.15 (0.13, 0.16) | 0.15 (0.13, 0.17) | 0.68 |
| Model 3 | 0.13 (0.11, 0.16) | 0.14 (0.12, 0.16) | 0.16 (0.14, 0.19) | 0.16 (0.14, 0.19) | 0.08 | 0.14 (0.13, 0.16) | 0.16 (0.14, 0.17) | 0.24 |
| Fasting insulin, mU/L b | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 1.28 (1.20, 1.38) | 1.25 (1.17, 1.34) | 1.29 (1.21, 1.38) | 1.28 (1.21, 1.36) | 0.97 | 1.32 (1.26, 1.37) | 1.24 (1.18, 1.30) | 0.02 |
| Model 2 | 1.24 (1.16, 1.33) | 1.25 (1.18, 1.33) | 1.28 (1.21, 1.37) | 1.33 (1.25, 1.41) | 0.09 | 1.30 (1.25, 1.36) | 1.25 (1.19, 1.31) | 0.14 |
| Model 3 | 1.26 (1.17, 1.35) | 1.25 (1.18, 1.33) | 1.29 (1.21, 1.38) | 1.30 (1.23, 1.38) | 0.36 | 1.30 (1.25, 1.36) | 1.25 (1.18, 1.31) | 0.11 |
| HOMA-IRb | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 1.34 (1.24, 1.44) | 1.29 (1.20, 1.38) | 1.34 (1.25, 1.44) | 1.33 (1.25, 1.42) | 0.94 | 1.38 (1.31, 1.44) | 1.27 (1.21, 1.34) | 0.005 |
| Model 2 | 1.28 (1.19, 1.38) | 1.28 (1.20, 1.37) | 1.33 (1.25, 1.43) | 1.39 (1.31, 1.48) | 0.07 | 1.36 (1.30, 1.42) | 1.29 (1.22, 1.36) | 0.07 |
| Model 3 | 1.30 (1.20, 1.41) | 1.29 (1.21, 1.37) | 1.34 (1.25, 1.44) | 1.36 (1.28, 1.45) | 0.30 | 1.36 (1.30, 1.43) | 1.28 (1.22, 1.35) | 0.05 |
Excluded 5035 adults with prediabetes (n = 3301), diabetes (n = 1629) or CVD (n = 509). Note adults may have prediabetes with CVD (n = 201), or diabetes with CVD (n = 203).
aMeeting 2018 physical activity guidelines defined using measured activity scaled to 7 days of accelerometer wear as 150 min/week moderate-intensity physical activity, 75 min/week vigorous-intensity physical activity, or an equivalent combination of both
bGeometric means (95% CI) presented for triglycerides, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR
Model 1 adjusted for age at baseline, sex, use of medications that affect the dependent variable at baseline and/or visit2, baseline levels of the dependent variable, and elapsed time between visits
Model 2 further adjusted for baseline household income, education, employment status, Hispanic/Latino background, field center, and nativity status, smoking, alcohol consumption, health insurance status, healthcare utilization, self-reported health, diet quality and change in health insurance
Model 3 adjusted for Model 2 covariates and sedentary time in models of MVPA or MVPA in models of sedentary time
Significant findings p < 0.05 bolded