Fig. 3.

Molecular markers of kidney injury. a Immunohistochemical staining showing expression of injury markers KIM-1 and TIMP-1. Scale bar represents 100 μm. b Western blot for KIM-1, NGAL, TIMP-1, and β-actin (left), and their respective quantification (right). c Quantitative real-time PCR for Kim1, Ngal, and Timp1 in the kidney tissue. d ELISA for KIM-1, NGAL, and TIMP-1 measured in the urine. Each group has n = 5 mice. Significant difference ^ap < 0.05: relative to untreated control; ^bp < 0.05: relative to AKI; ^cp < 0.05: relative to AKI-EV; ^dp < 0.05: relative to AKI-EV-pFUS