Fig. 4.

Inflammatory cytokines. a Immunohistochemistry staining for inflammatory markers TNF-α and IL-6 in kidney tissue. b Western blot on kidney tissue measuring inflammatory markers TNF-α and NF-κB (left), alongside their quantification (right). c Quantitative real-time PCR on kidney tissue measuring inflammatory markers Nfkb, Il6, and Tnfa. d ELISA measurement of blood serum concentrations of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Each group has n = 5 mice. Significant difference ^ap < 0.05: relative to untreated control; ^bp < 0.05: relative to AKI; ^cp < 0.05: relative to AKI-EV; ^dp < 0.05: relative to AKI-EV-pFUS