Table 1.
NATs in the hallmarks of cancer
| NAT | Preferential localization | Cancer type | Mechanism | Hallmark | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HOTAIR | Nucleus/cytoplasm | Various types |
Epigenetic modifications miRNA sponge PTM |
Resistance to cell death Activation of invasion and metastasis Genome instability and mutation Tumor-promoting inflammation |
[29, 31, 125, 165] |
| HOXA11-AS | Nucleus/cytoplasm | Various types |
Epigenetic modifications miRNA sponge |
Sustaining proliferative signaling Activation of invasion and metastasis Tumor-promoting inflammation |
[34, 168, 187] |
| ZEB1-AS1 | Nucleus/cytoplasm | Various types |
Epigenetic modifications miRNA sponge |
Sustaining proliferative signaling Resistance to cell death Activation of invasion and metastasis |
[40, 42, 46] |
| KHPS1 | Nucleus | Various types | Epigenetic modification |
Resistance to cell death Tumor-promoting inflammation Reprogramming energy metabolism |
[51, 188, 189] |
| NAT of PTEN | Nucleus | Various types | Epigenetic modification | Evasion of growth suppressors | [56] |
| AIRN | Nucleus | Various types | Transcriptional interference | Evasion of growth suppressors | [59, 60, 190] |
| GNG12-AS | Nucleus | Breast cancer | Transcriptional interference |
Resistance to cell death Activation of invasion and metastasis |
[63] |
| EGOT | Nucleus | Breast cancer | Alternative splicing | Resistance to cell death | [67] |
| ZEB2-AS1 | Nucleus/cytoplasm | Various types |
Alternative splicing promotes mRNA stability and translatability PTM |
Sustaining proliferative signaling Activation of invasion and metastasis |
[68, 69, 191] |
| PCA3 | Nucleus | Prostate cancer | RNA editing | Evasion of growth suppressors | [71] |
| HIF1A-AS2 | Nucleus/cytoplasm | Various types |
RNA editing miRNA sponge |
Induction of angiogenesis Tumor-promoting inflammation Reprogramming energy metabolism |
[74, 136, 137] |
| GLS-AS | Cytoplasm | Pancreatic cancer | RNAi |
Sustaining proliferative signaling Activation of invasion and metastasis Reprogramming energy metabolism |
[80] |
| PDCD4-AS1 | Nucleus | Breast cancer | promotes mRNA stability | Activation of invasion and metastasis | [82] |
| KRT7-AS1 | Nucleus | Gastric cancer | promotes mRNA stability |
Sustaining proliferative signaling Activation of invasion and metastasis |
[83] |
| DHPS | Nucleus/cytoplasm | Gastric cancer | promotes mRNA stability | Sustaining proliferative signaling | [15] |
| NAT of BCMA | Cytoplasm | Mlultiple myeloma | Translational interference |
Resistance to cell death Tumor-promoting inflammation |
[84, 192] |
| NAT of PU.1 | Cytoplasm | Leukemia | Translational interference | Enabling replicative immortality | [86, 193] |
| ZFAS1 | Nucleus/cytoplasm | Osteosarcoma,colorectal cancer |
Epigenetic modification miRNA sponge |
Sustaining proliferative signaling Activation of invasion and metastasis Induction of angiogenesis |
[89, 139] |
| SOX9-AS1 | Cytoplasm | Hepatocellular carcinoma | miRNA sponge |
Sustaining proliferative signaling Activation of invasion and metastasis |
[90] |
| ASB16-AS1 | Cytoplasm | Gastric cancer | PTM |
Sustaining proliferative signaling Resistance to cell death |
[95] |
| RHPN1-AS1 | Cytoplasm | Cervical cancer | miRNA sponge | Activation of invasion and metastasis | [104] |
| MYLK-AS1 | Cytoplasm | Hepatocellular carcinoma | PTM |
Sustaining proliferative signaling Activation of invasion and metastasis |
[105] |
| PANDAR | Nucleus | Ovarian cancer |
Alternative splicing PTM |
Evasion of growth suppressors | [109] |
| WRAP53α | Nucleus/cytoplasm | Breast cancer | promotes mRNA stability |
Evasion of growth suppressors Resistance to cell death |
[110] |
| FOXD2-AS1 | Cytoplasm | Thyroid cancer | miRNA sponge | Enabling replicative immortality | [113] |
| TP73-AS1 | Nucleus | Clear cell renal cell carcinoma, ovarian cancer | Epigenetic modification |
Resistance to cell death Activation of invasion and metastasis |
[120, 129] |
| HAGLROS | Cytoplasm | Colorectal cancer |
miRNA sponge PTM |
Resistance to cell death | [121] |
| HOXD-AS1 | Cytoplasm | Lung cancer | miRNA sponge |
Sustaining proliferative signaling Activation of invasion and metastasis |
[128] |
| RAD51-AS1 | Cytoplasm | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Translational interference | Genome instability and mutation | [145] |
| WRAP53β | Cytoplasm | Various types | PTM | Genome instability and mutation | [167] |
| SIRT1-AS | Cytoplasm | Hepatocellular carcinoma | miRNA sponge |
Activation of invasion and metastasis Genome instability and mutation |
[151] |
| NKX2-1-AS1 | Nucleus | Lung cancer | Binding decoy | Avoidance of immune detection and destruction | [154] |
| ITIH4-AS1 | Cytoplasm | Colorectal cancer | PTM | Tumor-promoting inflammation | [169] |
| IDH1-AS1 | Cytoplasm | Cervical cancer | Physical interference | Reprogramming energy metabolism | [176] |