Table 1.
Population characteristics for each sex and ethnic group (n=5113)
| N | Men | P | Women | P | |||||
| Inuit | African | European | Inuit | African | European | ||||
| n | 5113 | 1272 | 579 | 340 | 1661 | 818 | 443 | ||
| Age (years) | 5113 | 45.0 (35.0 to 55.0) | 37.0 (28.0 to 47.0) | 47.0 (40.0 to 54.0) | <0.001 | 43.0 (34.0 to 53.0) | 38.0 (30.0 to 46.0) | 47.0 (41.0 to 53.0) | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 5092 | 168.5 (163.0 to 173.3) | 172.9 (167.4 to 177.1) | 180.7 (176.5 to 185.0) | <0.001 | 157.0 (152.5 to 161.4) | 160.1 (155.4 to 164.4) | 167.5 (163.5 to 171.0) | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 5079 | 71.3 (61.8 to 82.2) | 60.6 (54.7 to 67.4) | 84.5 (76.8 to 95.5) | <0.001 | 64.0 (55.1 to 75.3) | 56.4 (49.8 to 64.7) | 68.1 (61.2 to 76.7) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 5079 | 25.1 (22.3 to 28.7) | 20.3 (18.8 to 22.4) | 26.0 (23.9 to 28.9) | <0.001 | 26.0 (22.7 to 30.2) | 21.7 (19.5 to 24.9) | 24.3 (22.0 to 27.5) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 5052 | 90.5 (82.5 to 101.6) | 76.4 (72.5 to 82.3) | 94.0 (87.4 to 101.6) | <0.001 | 90.0 (81.0 to 101.0) | 76.5 (70.9 to 84.0) | 83.0 (76.0 to 90.8) | <0.001 |
| Visceral adipose tissue (cm) | 5015 | 7.1 (5.9 to 8.9) | 5.9 (5.1 to 6.9) | 8.2 (6.8 to 9.9) | <0.001 | 6.3 (5.2 to 7.7) | 5.4 (4.5 to 6.5) | 5.9 (5.1 to 7.4) | <0.001 |
| Subcutaneous adipose tissue (cm) | 5012 | 2.2 (1.4 to 3.0) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.3) | 2.7 (2.1 to 3.4) | <0.001 | 3.7 (2.6 to 4.7) | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.5) | 3.3 (2.4 to 4.2) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5105 | 5.7 (5.3 to 6.1) | 4.8 (4.5 to 5.3) | 5.6 (5.3 to 6.0) | <0.001 | 5.5 (5.2 to 5.9) | 4.9 (4.6 to 5.4) | 5.4 (5.1 to 5.7) | <0.001 |
| 2 hour glucose (mmol/L) | 4964 | 5.0 (4.0 to 6.4) | 5.4 (4.4 to 6.5) | 5.2 (4.4 to 6.3) | 0.561 | 5.7 (4.7 to 7.0) | 5.9 (5.0 to 6.9) | 5.1 (4.4 to 6.1) | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 5049 | 33.0 (22.0 to 49.8) | 19.0 (13.0 to 30.8) | 29.5 (21.0 to 46.0) | <0.001 | 42.0 (29.0 to 61.0) | 25.0 (17.0 to 38.0) | 27.5 (18.2 to 39.0) | <0.001 |
| 2 hour insulin (pmol/L) | 3573 | 64.0 (31.0 to 142.0) | NA | 125.0 (66.0 to 225.0) | <0.001 | 148.0 (81.0 to 251.0) | NA | 162.0 (105.0 to 245.0) | 0.868 |
| HOMA-IR | 5048 | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.9) | 0.6 (0.4 to 1.0) | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7) | <0.001 | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.2) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.2) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 5083 | 80.0 (71.5 to 89.0) | 74.0 (68.0 to 80.0) | 80.0 (74.0 to 86.0) | <0.001 | 76.5 (69.0 to 84.0) | 73.0 (67.0 to 80.0) | 75.0 (69.0 to 81.0) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 5084 | 131.5 (122.0 to 145.0) | 120.0 (112.0 to 131.0) | 125.0 (117.0 to 135.0) | <0.001 | 122.5 (112.5 to 136.0) | 116.0 (108.0 to 126.0) | 116.0 (107.0 to 127.0) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5057 | 5.8 (5.0 to 6.6) | 3.9 (3.2 to 4.5) | 5.4 (4.7 to 6.1) | <0.001 | 5.8 (5.0 to 6.6) | 3.8 (3.2 to 4.4) | 5.2 (4.5 to 6.0) | <0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5035 | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.9) | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.3) | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.5) | <0.001 | 1.7 (1.4 to 2.0) | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.3) | 1.5 (1.3 to 1.8) | <0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4997 | 3.6 (2.9 to 4.3) | 2.3 (1.8 to 2.8) | 3.4 (2.8 to 4.1) | <0.001 | 3.5 (2.8 to 4.2) | 2.2 (1.7 to 2.8) | 3.1 (2.5 to 3.7) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 5057 | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.4) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.2) | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.9) | <0.001 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.4) | 0.8 (0.7 to 1.1) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.3) | <0.001 |
| Glucose-lowering drugs, n (%) | 5113 | 20 (1.6) | 4 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.026 | 31 (1.9) | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure-lowering drugs, n (%) | 5113 | 152 (11.9) | 3 (0.5) | 26 (7.6) | <0.001 | 258 (15.5) | 13 (1.6) | 49 (11.1) | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs, n (%) | 5113 | 60 (4.7) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (5.6) | <0.001 | 78 (4.7) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (3.2) | <0.001 |
| TBC1D4 variant, n (%) | 4795 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Non-carrier | 801 (70.3) | 579 (100.0) | 340 (100.0) | 1019 (69.0) | 818 (100.0) | 443 (100.0) | |||
| Heterozygous carrier | 294 (25.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 403 (27.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Homozygous carrier | 44 (3.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 54 (3.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Current smoker, n (%) | 5031 | 839 (66.1) | 101 (18.5) | 80 (23.6) | <0.001 | 1151 (69.5) | 41 (5.3) | 90 (20.3) | <0.001 |
| PAEE (kJ/kg/day) | 3266 | 55.6 (39.5 to 73.1) | 76.0 (55.8 to 92.9) | 42.4 (32.2 to 53.9) | <0.001 | 45.2 (33.4 to 59.8) | 64.4 (50.4 to 80.8) | 39.4 (30.6 to 46.3) | <0.001 |
Values are median (IQR) or n (%). P values are from analysis of variance or χ2 tests.
BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homoeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PAEE, physical activity energy expenditure.