Table 2.
Multiple adjusted regression coefficients for cardiometabolic risk factors for 1 SD increase in VAT or SAT stratified on sex and ethnic group
| Men | Pinteraction* | Women | Pinteraction* | |||||
| Inuit | African | European | Inuit | African | European | |||
| Fasting glucose†, mmol/L | ||||||||
| VAT | 0.11 (0.04 to 0.18) | 0.11 (−0.02 to 0.23) | 0.13 (0.06 to 0.2) | 0.336 | 0.09 (0.04 to 0.14) | 0.14 (−0.02 to 0.3) | 0.16 (0.09 to 0.24) | 0.197 |
| SAT | −0.12 (−0.2 to −0.04) | 0.21 (−0.02 to 0.43) | −0.08 (−0.17 to 0.02) | 0.681 | −0.05 (−0.12 to 0.01) | 0.15 (−0.11 to 0.41) | 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.09) | 0.425 |
| 2 hour glucose†, mmol/L | ||||||||
| VAT | 0.2 (0.02 to 0.38) | 0.1 (−0.25 to 0.45) | 0.42 (0.19 to 0.65) | 0.795 | 0.19 (0.03 to 0.34) | 0.03 (−0.26 to 0.32) | 0.26 (0.05 to 0.47) | 0.367 |
| SAT | −0.04 (−0.25 to 0.17) | 0.82 (0.22 to 1.42) | 0.08 (−0.22 to 0.38) | 0.026 | 0.11 (−0.08 to 0.29) | 0.44 (−0.01 to 0.89) | 0.05 (−0.16 to 0.26) | 0.26 |
| HOMA-IR, % change | ||||||||
| VAT | 1.15 (1.1 to 1.2) | 1.25 (1.15 to 1.35) | 1.28 (1.19 to 1.37) | 0.082 | 1.14 (1.1 to 1.18) | 1.17 (1.09 to 1.26) | 1.21 (1.12 to 1.31) | 0.077 |
| SAT | 1.05 (1.0 to 1.11) | 1.53 (1.32 to 1.77) | 1.14 (1.03 to 1.25) | <0.000 | 1.09 (1.04 to 1.14) | 1.17 (1.07 to 1.28) | 1.1 (1.02 to 1.19) | 0.289 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | ||||||||
| VAT | 0.57 (−0.55 to 1.7) | 0.96 (−0.22 to 2.15) | 1.36 (0.13 to 2.59) | 0.886 | 0.9 (0.03 to 1.76) | 0.74 (−0.34 to 1.82) | 1.6 (0.25 to 2.95) | 0.839 |
| SAT | 2.48 (1.14 to 3.81) | 4.63 (2.46 to 6.79) | 1.02 (−0.61 to 2.65) | 0.258 | 1.95 (0.95 to 2.95) | 1.21 (−0.17 to 2.58) | 1.17 (−0.18 to 2.52) | 0.862 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | ||||||||
| VAT | 0.98 (−0.52 to 2.48) | 0.5 (−1.37 to 2.36) | 1.24 (−0.65 to 3.12) | 0.462 | 0.74 (−0.51 to 1.99) | 1.32 (−0.31 to 2.96) | 2.31 (0.18 to 4.44) | 0.98 |
| SAT | 1.68 (−0.11 to 3.46) | 5.9 (2.49 to 9.32) | −0.42 (−2.92 to 2.09) | 0.004 | 1.32 (−0.12 to 2.76) | 2.03 (−0.05 to 4.11) | 1.1 (−1.02 to 3.22) | 0.614 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | ||||||||
| VAT | 0.18 (0.09 to 0.28) | 0.05 (−0.06 to 0.16) | 0.18 (0.03 to 0.32) | 0.605 | 0.05 (−0.04 to 0.13) | −0.01 (−0.11 to 0.09) | −0.09 (−0.24 to 0.05) | 0.261 |
| SAT | 0.11 (1.0 to 0.22) | 0.55 (0.34 to 0.75) | 0.08 (−0.11 to 0.27) | <0.000 | 0.06 (−0.04 to 0.16) | 0.28 (0.15 to 0.41) | 0.12 (−0.02 to 0.26) | <0.000 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | ||||||||
| VAT | −0.06 (−0.1 to −0.02) | −0.05 (−0.09 to −0.01) | −0.09 (−0.14 to −0.03) | 0.029 | −0.05 (−0.08 to −0.01) | −0.07 (−0.11 to −0.03) | −0.1 (−0.16 to −0.04) | 0.049 |
| SAT | −0.07 (−0.12 to −0.02) | 0.11 (0.03 to 0.18) | −0.02 (−0.09 to 0.05) | <0.000 | −0.11 (−0.15 to −0.07) | 0.04 (0 to 0.09) | −0.05 (−0.11 to 0) | <0.000 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | ||||||||
| VAT | 0.14 (0.05 to 0.22) | 0.05 (−0.05 to 0.14) | 0.14 (0.01 to 0.27) | 0.546 | 0.01 (−0.06 to 0.09) | 0.01 (−0.07 to 0.1) | −0.05 (−0.18 to 0.08) | 0.289 |
| SAT | 0.17 (0.07 to 0.27) | 0.36 (0.19 to 0.53) | 0.07 (−0.1 to 0.24) | 0.002 | 0.14 (0.05 to 0.23) | 0.21 (0.11 to 0.32) | 0.13 (0.01 to 0.26) | 0.118 |
| Triglycerides, % change | ||||||||
| VAT | 1.14 (1.1 to 1.19) | 1.1 (1.05 to 1.15) | 1.16 (1.08 to 1.24) | 0.999 | 1.13 (1.1 to 1.17) | 1.09 (1.04 to 1.14) | 1.08 (1.01 to 1.15) | 0.076 |
| SAT | 1.04 (1 to 1.09) | 1.15 (1.06 to 1.25) | 1.05 (0.96 to 1.15) | 0.048 | 1.07 (1.03 to 1.11) | 1.04 (0.98 to 1.1) | 1.1 (1.03 to 1.17) | 0.009 |
Values are β-coefficients or % change (95% CI) for 1 SD increase in VAT or SAT. All models are adjusted for age, age2, smoking, PAEE, BMI and VAT or SAT. VAT: 1 SD=2.21 cm, SAT: 1 SD=1.58 cm. Bold illustrates significant associations.
*P value for ethnic interaction with VAT or SAT.
†Additionally adjusted for the TBC1D4 variant.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PAEE, physical activity energy expenditure; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue.