Table 3.
Logistic regression to determine the associations between polypharmacy, participant characteristics and the usage of non-opioid analgesics, opioid analgesics, TCAs and SSRIs in ELSA participants (n=5888)
| Participant characteristics | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |||
| Non-opioid analgesics (n=1129) | Opioid analgesics (n=380) |
TCAs (n=381) |
SSRIs (n=431) |
|
| Polypharmacy | ||||
| Non-polypharmacy (1–4 medicines) | Reference | |||
| Polypharmacy (≥5 medicines) |
3.80 (3.25 to 4.44), p<0.01 | 5.71 (4.29 to 7.61), p<0.01 | 3.11 (2.43 to 3.98), p<0.01 | 2.30 (1.83 to 2.89), p<0.01 |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 50–59 | Reference | |||
| 60–69 | 1.21 (0.96 to 1.53), p=0.11 | 0.88 (0.63 to 1.21), p=0.42 | 0.82 (0.61 to 1.11), p=0.20 | 0.64 (0.49 to 0.82), p<0.01 |
| 70–84 | 1.49 (1.18 to 1.89), p<0.01 | 0.66 (0.47 to 0.93), p=0.02 | 0.51 (0.37 to 0.70), p<0.01 | 0.28 (0.21 to 0.37), p<0.01 |
| ≥85 | 1.82 (1.31 to 2.54), p<0.01 | 0.75 (0.45 to 1.24), p=0.26 | 0.25 (0.13 to 0.48), p<0.01 | 0.24 (0.14 to 0.41), p<0.01 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | Reference | |||
| Female | 1.40 (1.21 to 1.63), p<0.01 | 1.43 (1.13 to 1.81), p<0.01 | 2.36 (1.84 to 3.02), p<0.01 | 1.74 (1.40 to 2.17), p<0.01 |
| Long-standing condition | ||||
| No | Reference | |||
| Yes | 1.98 (1.64 to 2.38), p<0.01 | 2.50 (1.74 to 3.59), p<0.01 | 1.59 (1.19 to 2.12), p<0.01 | 1.17 (0.91 to 1.49), p=0.22 |
| BMI | ||||
| Normal | Reference | |||
| Overweight | 1.34 (1.09 to 1.65), p<0.01 | 0.85 (0.61 to 1.17), p=0.31 | 1.30 (0.94 to 1.80), p=0.11 | 0.95 (0.72 to 1.26), p=0.71 |
| Obese | 1.62 (1.31 to 1.99), p<0.01 | 0.94 (0.69 to 1.28), p=0.69 | 1.29 (0.94 to 1.78), p=0.12 | 0.95 (0.72 to 1.26), p=0.73 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Non-smoker | Reference | |||
| Ex-smoker | 1.24 (1.05 to 1.46), p<0.01 | 1.37 (1.05 to 1.79), p=0.02 | 1.28 (0.99 to 1.64), p=0.06 | 1.37 (1.08 to 1.74), p<0.01 |
| Current smoker | 1.40 (1.10 to 1.79), p<0.01 | 1.92 (1.36 to 2.71), p<0.01 | 1.35 (0.95 to 1.92), p=0.09 | 1.77 (1.29 to 2.42), p<0.01 |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Never | Reference | |||
| Rarely | 0.79 (0.62 to 0.99), p=0.04 | 1.04 (0.76 to 1.45), p=0.78 | 0.86 (0.61 to 1.20), p=0.36 | 0.85 (0.60 to 1.21), p=0.37 |
| Frequently | 0.73 (0.58 to 0.90), p<0.01 | 0.55 (0.39 to 0.77), p<0.01 | 0.81 (0.59 to 1.11), p=0.19 | 0.83 (0.60 to 1.16), p=0.27 |
| Very frequently | 0.67 (0.54 to 0.85), p<0.01 | 0.54 (0.38 to 0.78), p<0.01 | 0.54 (0.38 to 0.78), p<0.01 | 0.89 (0.63 to 1.25), p=0.51 |
| Wealth | ||||
| Wealth quintile 1 (highest) | Reference | |||
| Wealth quintile 2 | 1.27 (0.98 to 1.63), p=0.07 | 1.78 (1.16 to 2.72), p<0.01 | 1.06 (0.73 to 1.54), p=0.77 | 1.45 (1.02 to 2.06), p=0.04 |
| Wealth quintile 3 | 1.37 (1.07 to 1.77), p<0.01 | 1.26 (0.81 to 1.97), p=0.31 | 0.98 (0.67 to 1.44), p=0.93 | 1.37 (0.96 to 1.97), p=0.09 |
| Wealth quintile 4 | 2.18 (1.71 to 2.77), p<0.01 | 1.72 (1.132.61), p<0.01 | 1.08 (0.75 to 1.58), p=0.66 | 1.54 (1.08 to 2.20), p=0.02 |
| Wealth quintile 5 (lowest) | 2.40 (1.86 to 3.12), p<0.01 | 2.49 (1.63 to 3.80), p<0.01 | 1.52 (1.05 to 2.21), p=0.03 | 1.55 (1.07 to 2.23), p=0.02 |
Models adjusted for: polypharmacy, age, gender, the presence of long-standing conditions, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption and wealth.
BMI, body mass index; ELSA, English Longitudinal Study; SSRIs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; TCAs, tricyclic and related antidepressant drugs.