Table 3.

Determinants of low-/non-attendance at a Dutch CSP, subdivided by the I-Change model.

		Cervical CSP	Breast CSP	Colorectal CSP
Predisposing factors
Behavioural	Residency: more urban	X12	X13,28
	Marital status: Married/in a relationship	X29
	Several different sexual partners	X30
Psychological
Biological	Age: younger age	X7,30		X6,11
	Sex: male	NA	NA	X8,24
	Higher risk (ethnicity)	X31–33	X34,35
Social and cultural	Country of birth: non-native Dutch/non-Western	X12,29–32,36,37	X34	X38
	SES: low(er) SES	X28–31,34,35,37,38	X28,35
Information factors
Message		X39		X40
Channel	Lack of tailored strategies	X36,41,42	X28,43	X38,44
Source	Non-GP practice-based invitation	X30,33,37,45
Awareness factors
Knowledge	Misconceptions, lack of knowledge, e.g. screening harm	X30,32		X43,46
Cues to action	Low priority	X36		X40,46
Risk perception	Perceived lesser risk of cancer	X30,39,41		X43
Motivational factors
Attitude	No future testing needed, less moral obligation	X39		X44
Social influence	Negative social influence, negative role models, talked less with others	X39
Self-efficacy	Low self-efficacy			X43
Ability factors
Action plans	Forgot to make an appointment	X36
Skills	Language barrier/low health literacy			X43
Barriers
	Test: insecure, anxious	X39		X40
	Outcome of the test: insecure, anxious	X39
	Inconvenience: feelings of shame	X36,39		X40
	Time related: forgot, too busy	X36		X46
	Health related illness: other illnesses			X46
	Financial		X35

CSP: cancer screening programme; GP: general practitioner; NA: not applicable; SES: socio-economic status.