Fig. 3.

Time-of-addition experiments. (A) IPEC-J2 cells or PEDV was treated with Ae at different times before and after infection. Double-headed red arrows indicate the presence of Ae. The experiments are identified in the text by the numbers on the left (M1-M7). Cells were harvested at 12 hpi. (B) The mRNA expression of N was examined with real-time PCR using specific primers. The expression level of mRNA were calculated in relation to the expression level of GAPDH. (C) The N protein of PEDV was detected by Western Blot using anti-PEDV N polyclonal antibody. (D) The viral titers in the culture medium were determined by TCID₅₀ analysis. Results are representative of three independent experiments. Data are represented as mean ± SD, n = 3. **stands for p < 0.01, ***stands for p < 0.001.