. 2020 May 13;60(7):1244–1253. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnaa042

Table 5.

Stage Models of Caregiving-Related Gains, Difficulties, and Participation Restrictions by Caregiver Race Adjusted for Caregiving Context, Stressors, and Support

Multivariate models	Caregiver effects (OR)
	Substantial perceived gains^b			Substantial financial difficulty^c			Substantial emotional difficulty^c			Participation restrictions^d
	1	2	3	1	2	3	1	2	3	1	2	3
Caregiver race^a
Race
White	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Black	2.88***	2.26***	2.33***	1.73*	1.11	1.14	0.54**	0.51**	0.53**	0.84	0.62*	0.65
Caregiving stressors
Care recipient factors
Level of assistance
Household chores only		Ref	Ref		Ref	Ref		Ref	Ref		Ref	Ref
1–2 self-care/mobility needs		0.99	1.00		1.05	1.07		0.72	0.74		1.08	1.13
3+ self-care/mobility needs		0.98	1.01		1.00	0.97		1.34	1.29		2.11**	1.93*
Probable dementia		1.19	1.22		1.23	1.22		2.00*	1.99*		1.17	1.12
Medicaid		1.58	1.61		1.44	1.34		0.47**	0.43**		1.20	0.98
Federal poverty level status
<100% federal poverty level		Ref	Ref		Ref	Ref		Ref	Ref		Ref	Ref
100–<200% federal poverty level		0.68	0.67		1.52	1.54		0.82	0.82		1.33	1.42
200% federal poverty level and above		0.75	0.75		0.61	0.60		0.61	0.60		1.31	1.31
Caregiver factors
Hours of care provided in the past week
20 or fewer		Ref	Ref		Ref	Ref		Ref	Ref		Ref	Ref
21–39		1.83*	1.86*		0.79	0.76		1.24	1.21		2.46**	2.30*
40 or more		2.05***	2.14***		2.25**	2.15*		1.62*	1.56		6.02***	5.58***
Sources of support
Family and friends			.86			.80			.76			.71
Use of supportive services			.81			1.38			1.44*			2.36***

Notes: OR = odds ratio. Data are survey-weight adjusted; National Study of Caregiving 2015.

^aAdjusted for caregiving context: relationship to care recipient, gender, caregiver and care recipient age, education, self-rated health, and employment status.

^bSubstantial positive aspects of caregiving defined as 6–8 on a scale of 8.

^cSubstantial difficulty defined as values of 4–5 on the 5-point scale.

^dParticipation restrictions defined as not being able to participate in at least one valued activity because of caregiving activities.

*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.