Table 1.

Clinical studies of rosemary and the active constituents on depression, memory and learning

Subjects	Type of extract, constituents/ doses/ Time of exposure	Endpoints	Reference
Mice	Hydroalcoholic extract; 10–300 mg/kg; 14 days	- The hydroalcoholic extract drove back the olfactory bulbectomy -induced hyperactivity, amplified exploratory and anhedonic behavior. - It improved serum glucose level and decreased hippocampal AChE activity in bulbectomized mice.	(30)
Mice	Ursolic acid; 0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg,	- Ursolic acid decreased the immobility period in the tail suspension test (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) and also in the forced swimming test (10 mg/kg). - The effect of ursolic acid (0.1 mg/kg) in the tail suspension test was prevented by the pretreatment of SCH23390 (0.05 mg/kg, a dopamine D 1 receptor antagonist) and sulpiride (50 mg/kg, a dopamine D 2 receptor antagonist).	(31)
Wistar rats	Extract (containing 40% carnosic acid); (50,100 and 200 mg/kg/day); 12 weeks	- The extract (100 mg/kg) recovered the spatial memory retrieval score. - SOD, GPx and CAT enzymes significantly elevated in comparison with the normal group.	(46)
(hAPP)-J20 mice and (3xTg AD) mice	Carnosic acid; 3 months	- Carnosic acid treatment of hAPP-J20 mice alleviated memory and learning in the Morris water maze test. - Carnosic acid increased dendritic and synaptic markers, and reduced astrogliosis, Aβ plaque number, and phospho-tau staining in the hippocampus.	(52)