Table 2.

Clinical studies of rosemary and the active constituents on epilepsy and addiction

Subjects	Type of extract, constituents/ doses/ Time of exposure	Endpoints	Reference
Rats	Extract (containing 40% carnosic acid); 100 mg/kg; 23 days	- Neuronal loss in CA1 decreased remarkably in the animals in Kainic Acid (9.5 mg/kg) + extract group. - Spatial memory impairment reduced in the animals in Kainic Acid (9.5 mg/kg) + extract group. - Shuttle box test showed that passive avoidance learning disability obviously, boosted in the animals in the mentioned group.	(64)
HEK-293T cells	Methanolic and essential oil extracts	- Both the methanolic extract and essential oil of rosemary inhibit Cav3.2 current in a concentration-dependent manner. - These extracts compel a negative shift of the balanced inactivation of CaV3.2 current with no alteration in the activation properties.	(69)
Mice	Aqueous and ethanol extracts; (1.68, 2.4 g/kg) and (0.96 g/kg) respectively; 4 days	- Both extracts lessened the number of jumps after naloxone injection.	(18)
Mice	Aqueous, methanolic-aqueous and chlorformic fractions; (0.96 g/kg and 1.68 g/kg), 4 days	- All fractions reduced the number of jumps when they were injected 1 h before the last dose of morphine.	(72)