Table 2.

Structure and pharmacological properties of specific phytochemicals against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity

ROS: Reactive oxygen species; MDA: Malondialdehyde; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; Akt: Protein kinase B; GSK-3β: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartic acid; mGluR: Metabotropic glutamate receptor; BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; ‎:TrkB Tropomyosin receptor kinase B; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin